Chapter 7 Memory
Encoding 1st step in remembering Putting information into memory
Storage Second step in remembering information. Putting information into short term or long term memory
Retrieval Locating stored information and returning it to conscious thought. 3rd step in remembering
Types of Long Term Memory Episodic-memory of your life Generic/Semantic-fact Implicit/Procedural (no effort to recall) skill Classical conditioning effect
Flashbulb memory Events so important it seems as though it is a photograph in your mind. Example: Wedding day Type of episodic memory
Types of encoding Semantic: Acoustic-remember by sound Make something meaningful in order to remember it. Ex., you remember song lyrics that you like more easily than your class notes We remember things that are emotional for us-funny, embarrassing, clever, intriguing, etc Acoustic-remember by sound Visual-remember what we see
amazing memory
Processing Spacing effect- studying a little each night leads to better encoding of information Primacy effect-beginning of a list goes into long-term memory better. Recency effect-end of list goes into short-term memory better
Mnemonic Devices (help enhance encoding) Narrative chaining-tell a story linking items Acronyms-take first letter of each word to be encoded and make them start new words in an easy to remember phrase Ex.-My Very Eager Mother Just Served us Nachos. (sorry Pluto)
Chunking-grouping items to remember them Over learning-looking at something over and over again until it is learned.
Storage Sensory memory- 1st stage of memory through our senses. TYPES: Iconic Memory- Mental pictures, they are like snapshots We can remember everything we see for a split second
2. Acoustic/Echoic Memory- Remembering what you hear We can remember everything that we hear for 3 seconds
Short Term Memory Memory we keep only for a short period of time. Will forget information later that is in short term memory unless we are able to encode it into long-term memory
Long-Term Memory Memories that are in your mind for good Your mind already holds more information than an encyclopedia or computer hard drive. Apparently there is no limit to how much we can remember
Context-Dependent Memory Recalling information in the place (context) that you learned the information in.
Mood Congruent Memories Memories that are retrieved because the mood in which they were originally encoded is re-created.
Forgetting Interference- Trouble recalling information because other information gets in the way Ex. A boy calls his new girlfriend by his old girlfriends name
Repression forget a painful event Misinformation effect- false information can make us remember something that never happened. Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon Come so close to retrieving information that it seems like the information is on the tip-of-the-tongue.
Retrograde amnesia-can’t remember the past Anterograde amnesia-can’t form new memories