PSYC 206 Lifespan Development Bilge Yagmurlu

Chapter Overview The Family Context Nonparental Child Care Neighborhoods and Communities Media Contexts

Contexts of Development Nested, interacting ecosystems

Parenting Behaviors Ideas Values Goals Styles

Parenting Styles Diana Baumrind’s three styles Authoritarian Authoritative Permissive Depending on 2 dimensions: ------------ control ------------ warmth

Authoritarian Parental behavior focus on obedience and control use physical punishment tend not to express warmth

Parenting Behavioral control: Regulating the child’s conduct through firm but reasonable discipline and monitoring of his/her activities. Psychological control: Attempts to influence behavior by psychological means as ignoring or discounting feelings, withholding affection or inducing shame or guilt.

Authoritative Parental behavior exert some control in a flexible style control is not heavy-handed or domineering express warmth clarity of communication use inductive reasoning

Authoritative Inductive reasoning Provides a rationale Highlight consequences or may point out another’s emotional reactions

Permissive Parental behavior express warmth fail to set standards, make demands or exert control do not monitor closely

Parenting Styles Another parenting style added later by Maccoby and Martin: Neglecting/uninvolved parenting

Parenting Styles and Behaviors Problem with parenting styles: Captures a configuration of practices What aspect of parenting affects which child outcomes?

Socialization Techniques Empathy-inducing techniques are more powerful E.g., Inductive reasoning that communicates desired behaviors strongly Appeal to justice or perspective taking Consequences for another

Other Methods Harsh punitive discipline When the child displays a positive behavior, there is attribution to external motives It is not the optimal context for empathy and learning High intensity power-assertive tactics promote noncompliance in the long run, oppositional defiance and a lack of concern for others Increases antisocial behaviors through modeling

Winning Formula A blend of frequent inductions, occasional power assertion and a lot of affection

Culture and Parenting Culture influences all processes that affect developmental outcomes. It does not simply affect parental values or behaviors, but it is at the core of them. Parents hold different belief systems regarding the nature of children, development, parenting etc.

Culture Contextualism Individualism-Collectivism

Collectivism-Individualism Defining oneself in terms of in-group membership Valued child behaviors Ideal parenting that ensures desirable outcomes Personal needs and aims to achieve autonomy and assertiveness Valued child behaviors Ideal parenting that ensures desirable outcomes

Chinese Culture Chao (1994): disagreed with the use of “authoritarian” term to describe parenting in China and said Baumrind’s styles may not transfer to China. “Training” Warmth is implicitly expressed in parents’ support of child achievement. Different from noncontingent and demonstrative expressions of affect of US parents.

Immigrant Families, Child’s Socioemotional Development, Parenting Home culture Societal culture Cultural variations in parenting styles and values Immigrant contexts are culturally pluralistic environments Dual climate of socialization

Factors Impeding Development Poverty Adolescent parent(s) Abuse

Poverty Approximately 1 in 5 children Effects Subsequent difficulties

Adolescent Parents US among the highest rate in the industrialized world Children are More aggressive Less self-controlled Less intellectually advanced

Teen Birth Rates in the U.S.

Abuse What constitutes abuse?

Nonparental Child Care By age 3, more than 90 percent of children in the US experience regular nonparental care. Physical and intellectual effects Social and emotional effects 27

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Media Contexts Print Media Television Interactive Media 29

Print Media Includes Assistance with emotional control and development Books, comics, magazines, newspapers Assistance with emotional control and development Children’s exposure relatively small 30

Television Most common media form used 31

Television Concerns: Violence Stereotyping 32

Interactive Media Developing cognitive skills Concerns Divided attention Spatial imagery and representation Concerns 33

Contexts, Risks, and Resilience Prevention science Seeks to protect children from harm and promote their well-being by identifying risk factors as well as protective factors. 34

Contexts, Risks, and Resilience Risk factors Personal and environmental characteristics that increase the probability of negative outcomes. Protective factors Resilience 35

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