1. Resilience
Manifested competence in the context of significant challenges to adaptation
Successful adaptation following exposure to biological and psychosocial risk factors and/or stressful life events

2. Risk Factors for Children
Neonatal stress
Poverty
Neglect
Abuse
Physical handicaps
War
Parental Issues
Parental mental illness
Parental substance abuse
Parental criminality
Authoritarian or Permissive Parenting
Divorce

3. Protective Factors in Children
Social competence
Problem-solving skills
Autonomy
Sense of purpose and future
Close bond with at least one person in the family
High expectations with appropriate support
Participation in family life
Authoritative parenting

4. Negative Coping— Thoughts, Behaviors, Emotions
Negative self-talk
Irrational beliefs
Behaviors
Striking out at others
Verbal, physical, or emotional aggression
Self-indulgence/Addictions/Excess
Emotions
Defensive detachment
Emotional avoidance/over-expression
Instrumental Emotions
Behaviorally people respond to stress at different levels.
Coping refers to active efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands created by stress.
These may involve striking out at others aggressively
Aggression involves any behavior that is intended to harm another either physically or verbally
Dollard believes aggression is always caused by frustration
Current research = not a 1:1 relationship – depends on other factors as well
self-indulgement (eating, drinking, smoking, shopping),
defensive coping (erecting defense mechanisms), = distort reality so that it is not so threatening or
constructive coping (realistically appraising situations and confronting problems directly).

5. Positive Coping— Thoughts, Behaviors, Emotions
Rationality/Hopefulness
Positive self-talk
Positive Meaning-making
Behaviors
Self-care (physical, etc.)
Assertiveness (using anger appropriately)
Emotions
Seeking emotional support
Appropriate expression
Appropriate management

6. Defense Mechanisms & Distractions
Foster Resilience
Inhibit Resilience
Core Emotions
Anger
Fear
Sadness
Defense Mechanisms & Distractions
Work
Intellectualization
Avoidance/Isolation
Alcohol
Drugs
Self-pity
Repression
Perfectionism
Joy
(hope, peace, love)
Anxiety
Counter Emotions
Shame
Depression
Projection
Blame
Sex 
Sarcasm/ Cynicism
Defensive Humor

7. Interventions Risk-focused strategies Resource-focused strategies
Focus on reducing risk factors (WHAT to subtract)
Resource-focused strategies
Focus on increasing protective factors (WHAT to add)
Process-focused strategies
Focus on developing positive coping strategies (HOW to cope)
Solution-focused counseling
Parent training
Counseling
Role play, conflict resolution, instillation of hope, modeling healthy self-concept, peer support