Botany The Study of Plants 2012

What Characteristics do ALL plants share? Autotrophs- Undergo Photosynthesis Eukaryotes- has nucleus Multicellular – more than one cell Have a Cell Wall, have Chloroplasts and Chlorophyll

What do Plants Need to Live on Land? Ways to OBTAIN water and nutrients (ROOTS) Ways to RETAIN water (CUTICLE) Ways to TRANSPORT water and nutrients (XYLEM and PHLOEM) Ways to SUPPORT their bodies (STEM, XYLEM, PHLOEM) Ways to REPRODUCE (sperm and egg cells) Open Books to page 114-115

The first Terrestrial plants Mosses and ferns Mosses don’t have stems so they are very low to the ground http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/plants/bryophyta/sphagclump.jpg

The first Terrestrial plants This is an example of a moss Sporophyte growing out of a moss gametophyte. http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/16labman05/lb3pg3_files/moss1.jpg

The first Terrestrial plants Ferns were more complicated When the young sporophyte emerges, it is essentially a parasite on the gametophyte until it can grow its first leaf. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/plants/bryophyta/sphagclump.jpg http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20102/Bio%20102%20lectures/seedless%20plants/marchantia.jpg

The first Terrestrial plants This is the sporophyte stage of the fern with sori (spore cases). http://farm1.static.flickr.com/181/425553880_378f1e9e32.jpg?v=0

Leaves, Stems, Roots Leaves Photosynthesis occurs here (chloroplasts) Gas and Water Exchange occur here (stomata) Water Exchange = Transpiration

Conifer Reproduction Cones- are the reproductive structures that hold the seed Most conifers produce both male and female cones Some produce only male or female Some produce no cones Male Cones- smaller than female, contain pollen (cells that turn into sperm cells) Female Cones- contain the ovule which holds the egg cell

Gymnosperms Used to make paper, lumber, cellophane, rosin, rayon, and turpentine

Types of Angiosperms Dicot Monocot 2 cotyledons 1 cotyledon Leaf has branching veins Stem has circle of vascular tissue Flower has petals/sepals in groups of 4 or 5 Tap root Examples are roses, peanuts, dandelions, oak, maple, beans, apples Monocot 1 cotyledon Leaf has parallel veins Stem has scattered bundles of vascular tissue Flower has petals/sepals in groups of 3 Fibrous roots Examples are corn, grasses, wheat, rice, lilies, tulips and coconuts

Characteristics of Seed Plants Vascular Tissue (Xylem and Phloem) Use Seeds to Reproduce Have Stems, Roots, Leaves They use the process of photosynthesis

Structure of Flowers Petals- attract pollinators (flies, bees and humming birds – depending upon ????) Sepals- protect the developing flower Stamens- male reproductive parts, made up of 2 parts- Anther- where the pollen is produced Filament Pistils (carpel)- female reproductive parts, made up of 3 parts- Stigma, Style, Ovary

What Are the Parts of a Flower?                                                      

Do you know the parts of the flower?

Angiosperm Reproduction Anther produces pollen Ovary produces egg cells (2) Pollen is released and Stigma traps it (pollination) A plant pollinating itself is self-pollination Being pollinated by another plant is cross- polination. Hybridization is when one species of plant fertilizes a similar but not identical plant. Pollen produces a pollen tube through the style, into the ovules Sperm from pollen enters the tube and fertilizes each egg and the embryos develop Other parts of the ovule develop into the seed coat and cotyledons Ovary develops into the fruit

Some explaining…(don’t copy) Pollen is in three parts, one part forms the pollen tube, and there are two sperm nuclei. One fertilizes the egg and becomes the zygote, the other forms the endosperm or food for the developing embryo. In some plants the cotyledons absorb the endosperm and they serve as the food for the developing plant.

Angiosperms Plants that produce seeds that are enclosed in a fruit Seeds develop in the ovary Angiosperms produce flowers and fruit

Seed Dispersal Animals- eat fruits and deposit seeds or barbs hook onto fur Water- carries seeds (oceans, rivers) Wind- carries lightweight seeds

Peanut Seed Epicotyl Hypocotyl

Germination Early growth stages of the embryo Plant seed absorbs water and temperature must be correct. Seed coat softens Roots grow first First leaves then emerge

SEEDS 3 Important Parts EMBRYO- young plant that develops from the zygote COTYLEDONS- stored food that the embryo uses before it can make its own (just like yolk in eggs) SEED COAT- protective coating that surrounds the embryo

Hormones Plants can respond to their environment through a variety of chemical messengers. Auxins – these are the plant hormones. They control the growth of all plant parts including flowers and seeds. A plant’s response is known as a tropism and they may be positive or negative.

Plant Responses and Growth Tropism- plant’s response to a stimulus Stimulus can be- Touch – Thigmotropism (Venus flytrap, climbing plants) Light- Phototropism- plants grow toward the light (sunflower) Gravity- Gravitropism- stems grow up and roots grow down

Fruit vs.Vegetable What is the difference you may ask???? Fruits are the edible part of a plant developed from a flower Vegetables are the edible parts of a plant such as roots, stems or leaves.

Fruit or Veggie????? fruit veggie veggie veggie fruit veggie veggie

Flowers and Fruits Guess the fruit that comes from these flowers…………………….. PUMPKIN

Guess the Fruit EGGPLANT

Guess the Fruit ZUCCHINI

Guess the Fruit PEPPERS

Guess the Fruit Tomato

Thigmotropism in action tendril coiling