Biology Notes Biochemistry Part 3 Pages 44-48

Standards 2.2 ___ Describe the basic molecular structure and primary functions of the four categories of biological molecules ___ Describe the properties of the carbon atom that make the diversity of carbon compounds possible ___ Describe the important structural characteristics of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides and explain the functions of carbohydrates in living things 2.4 2.5

___ Describe the structures of fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids. Explain the functions of lipids in living organisms. Identify some reactions that fatty acids undergo. ___ Describe the structures of proteins and amino acids. Explain the functions of proteins in living organisms. Identify some reactions that amino acids undergo. Relate the structure and function of enzymes. 2.6 2.7

Essential Question Why are carbon based molecules the foundation of life?

I. Nutrients of Life Nutrient = substances in _______ that supply the ________ and raw materials our bodies use for growth, repair, and maintenance Nutrients can be broken down into 2 large categories: __________ compounds and __________ compounds food energy inorganic organic

A. Inorganic Compounds = compounds that do not contain _________ Inorganic molecules are usually smaller and more _________ The groups of inorganic molecules that are necessary to life include: ________, _______, and ___________ carbon simple water salts minerals

B. Organic compounds = compounds that contain the element __________ Carbon is the backbone of ______ because it has the ability to make __________ of compounds. Unlike many elements, carbon is special because: carbon can bond to ____ different atoms carbon can bond to ________ and form long chains & ________ carbon life millions 4 itself rings

c. carbon can form single, double, or triple _______ with other atoms these bonds will be ___________ bonds covalent

Overall, there are four groups of organic molecules found in food that we need to survive: _______________, _____________, ____________, and _______________ carbohydrates lipids / fats proteins nucleic acids

II. Structure & Function of Organic Molecules Carbohydrates = compounds made up of ___, ___, and ___ in a ratio of 1:2:1 This means for every ___ carbon atom there are ___ hydrogen atoms and ____ oxygen atom e.g. C H O 1 2 1 C6H12O6 , C11H22O11

Sugars (Small Monomer Structure): monosaccharides = simple sugar molecules that contain ____ carbon atoms e.g. 3-6 glucose, fructose, galactose

disaccharides = sugars made of ___ covalently bonded monosaccharides lactose = glucose + __________ / found in _______ maltose = _________ + glucose / found in ________ sucrose = glucose + _________ / common table _______ 2 galactose milk glucose beer fructose sugar

Starches (Large Polymer Structure): polysaccharides = giant ___________ of carbohydrates that consist of thousands of covalently _________ monosaccharides and disaccharides glycogen – found in ________ starch – found in foods such as ______, potatoes, and _______ polymers bonded animals rice bread

cellulose – polymer found in _________ foods such as ______________ and ______ fibrous whole wheat bran

Monomer to Polymer

Functions of Carbohydrates The main function of carbohydrates is to provide ________ to the body b. Excess carbohydrates in the body can be stored in the form of __________ by the liver and skeletal muscle to be used at a later time c. although the body cannot digest _________ found in fibrous food like ____________, it is still important because it helps keep you “_________” energy glycogen cellulose bran / wheat regular

d. __________ is also the compound that makes up cell ______ found in plants Cellulose walls

Lipids / Fats = ____________compounds that contain ___, ___, and a very small amount of ___ e.g. Lipids / fats are the only group of organic molecules in which there are no __________ or polymers Instead, lipids / fats consist of one _________ molecule covalently bonded to many _______ acid molecules Non-polar C H O waxes, oils, steroids & cholesterol monomers glycerol fatty

There are, however, ___ types of lipids/ fats: saturated fats = fats that contain the maximum number of ____________ bonds in their fatty _______ chains usually solids at room temperature like ________ and __________ 2 hydrogen acid grease butter / lard

unsaturated fats = fats that contain at least one double ________ between carbon atoms and have a lower number of _____________ bonds in their fatty _______ chains usually liquids at room temperature like _____________ and _____________ bond hydrogen acid peanut oil canola oil

triglyceride = lipid compound made of ___ glycerol molecule bonded to __ fatty acid chains 1 3 Triglyceride

the phospholipid is the type of lipid that makes up _____ membranes 1 phospholipid = lipid compound made of ___ glycerol molecule bonded to ___ fatty acid chains and ___ phospholipid (____) the phospholipid is the type of lipid that makes up _____ membranes 1 2 PO4 1 cell Phospholipid

cholesterol = lipid compound that has a _____ structure cholesterol is needed by the body make ________ hormones, added protection in _______ and provides structural support in cell ____________ ring steroid joints membranes

Functions of Lipids: The main function of lipids / fats is to provide the body with materials for building ___________ barriers in the body like _____ membranes around cells waterproof cell

c. An excess of fats is dangerous to health e.g. b. Lipids / fats also function to ________ the body and protect our ________ organs the body takes all excess _____ not being used and chemically converts it to ____ which is stored on the body c. An excess of fats is dangerous to health e.g. insulate internal food fat high cholesterol, risk of heart disease

C. Proteins = Polymeric compounds composed of amino acids which contain the elements ___, ___, ___, and ___ animal proteins are found in foods like _______ and ______ plant proteins are found in foods like _________________ and __________ C H O N beef fish beans (legumes) spinach

Monomers of Proteins: amino acids = small compounds consisting of an amino group (____), a carboxyl group (_______), and individual ___ groups _____________ bonded together to make _________ -NH2 -COOH R covalently proteins

peptide bond = the special bonds that exists between the _______ group and the _________ group in an amino acid there are over ____ different types of amino acids because the _____ groups differ amino carboxyl 20

Functions of Proteins: Proteins are probably the most important group of nutrients for the body because they have a wide range of ___________. These functions include: movement and formation of _______ and muscles e.g. functions bones collagen / actin & myosin

b. controlling the rates of _________ reactions e.g. c. transporting substances in and out of cells chemical enzymes hemoglobin

fighting off _________ e.g. regulation and _____________ disease antibodies homeostasis insulin

D. Nucleic Acids = Polymeric compounds composed of nucleotides which contain the elements ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___ e.g. C H O N P DNA , RNA

Monomers of Nucleic Acids: nucleotide = small compounds that consist of a ____________ group, a 5-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous _______ e.g. phosphate base adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine & uracil

A phosphate group nitrogen-containing molecule, called a base deoxyribose (sugar)

Functions of Nucleic Acids The main function of nucleic acids is to work together to make ___________ DNA stores hereditary information for building the ___________ RNA helps to build the ________ proteins proteins proteins

DNA RNA