Unit 9 The Age of Revolution The Enlightenment

Absolutism During the 16th,17th, and 18th centuries European rulers wanted a absolute monarchy, or to control every aspect of society Absolute Monarchs believed in a divine right, or that they were representative of God only answering to him and not to any of their subjects

Monarchs of Europe Spain France Prussia Phillip II Austria Louis XIV Austria Monarchs of Europe Prussia France Maria Theresa Phillip II Spain Fredrick the Great

Enlightenment in Europe

What was the Enlightenment? New thinkers were moving away from absolute rule to government power from consent of the govern The enlightenment was a intellectual “Age of Reason” that stress using logic to solve problems in government, religion economics, and education

Thomas Hobbes English politician who stated people were naturally selfish and wicked, as a result without governments to keep order Hobbes said there would be “war... Of every man against every man” He expressed his views in a work the Leviathan He ephasized what he called the social contract, or the idea of society handing over rights to a strong ruler for order and control

John Locke English philosopher who believed that people were born free, equal, and self governing People had natural rights Life Liberty Property His essay Two Treaties of Government state the purpose of government was to protect the rights of people or the citizens can overthrow it

French Philosophy Five core concepts to apply reason to all aspects of life Reason Enlightened Thinkers believed truth could be discovered through reason and logical thinking Nature The philosophers believed that what was natural was also good and reasonable Happiness The philosophers rejected the medieval notion that people should find joy in the hereafter and urged people to seek well being on earth Progress The philosophers stressed that society and humankind could improve Liberty The Philosophers called for the liberties that the English had won in their Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights

“My trade is to say what I think” Voltaire French philosopher/writer who wrote 70 books on politics, philosophy, and drama Used his pen to advocate for reason, tolerance, freedom of belief, and freedom of speech battled inequality, injustice, and superstition He detested the slave trade and religious prejudice “My trade is to say what I think” “I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it.”

Montesquieu French writer taught governmental separation of power to protect against tyranny He broke government into three separate branches Legislative Executive Judicial

Jean Jacques Rousseau French writer believed in a direct democracy Wrote a book titled The Social Contract which differed from Hobbes in that free people and government agree to create order and control

Adam Smith & Bonesana Beccaria Smith argued that the free market should regulate business Beccaria (BAYK•uh•REE•AH) Italian philosopher believed laws preserve social order He advocated for a speedy trial and asked for capital punishment to abolished

Women and the Enlightenment Mary Astell published writings that supported opportunities for equality in marriage for women Mary Wollstonecraft advocated for women’s education

Encyclopedia The wealthy of the enlightenment period would sponsor philosophers in major academic projects Marie-Thésèe Geoffrin (Zhuh●frehn) finances Denis Diderot (DEE●duh●roh) to create a set of books with sources from leading scholars called an encyclopedia

Spread of Enlightenment European monarchs from Prussia, Austria, and Russia accepted and spread enlightenment ideas The embraced the enlightenment to strengthen their country and to make their own rule more effective The enlightenment spread around the world

Enlightenment Influence