The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment Mr. Stowinsky World History

The Roots of Modern Science People believed the earth was in the center of the universe Geocentric theory Scientific Revolution – New ways of thinking about the natural world, using observation, and questioning accepted beliefs

Causes of the Scientific Revolution Travel – seeing new animals and plants Printing press Better scientific equipment Observing things that challenged classical belief The desire to know more

A Revolutionary Model of the Universe Heliocentric theory – the sun is in the middle of the solar system Nicolaus Copernicus created the heliocentric theory Tycho Brahe – recorded other planet’s movements Johannes Kepler – said the planets move in ellipses, not perfect circles

Galileo Galileo Galilei – built his own telescope and studied the heavens Discovered 4 of Jupiter’s moons Saw our own moon had a rough surface Confirmed the earth goes around the sun The Church arrested him and made him say he was wrong. He spent the rest of his life under house arrest.

The Scientific Method Scientific Method – logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas Observation – problem or question Hypothesis – unproved assumption Experiment – test the hypothesis Conclusion – confirms or disproves hypothesis

Rene Descartes – everything should be doubted until proven by reason Francis Bacon – urged scientists to experiment and draw conclusions, they should reject past assumptions Empiricism – experimental method Rene Descartes – everything should be doubted until proven by reason “I think, therefore I am” Isaac Newton – Theory of Gravity – every object in the universe attracts every other object

The Scientific Revolution Spreads Inventions and discoveries during the Scientific Revolution Microscope Barometer Fahrenheit and Celsius temperature scales Smallpox vaccine Human anatomy Periodic elements

Section 2 – The Enlightenment in Europe Enlightenment – intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems Questioned government, religion, economics, and education

Two Views on Government Thomas Hobbes – social contract – people agree or give consent to be governed John Locke – everyone is born free and equal and have three natural rights – life, liberty, and property

The Philisophes Advocate Reason Philosophe – French for philosopher Five concepts Reason – truth could be found through logic Nature – what is natural is good and reasonable Happiness – you should be happy NOW Progress – society and people could improve Liberty – freedom, personal rights

Montesquieu – no part of government should have complete power Voltaire – criticized the government and church, wrote several books and used satire “I do no agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it.” Montesquieu – no part of government should have complete power Checks and balances Rousseau – everyone is equal and there should be no nobility

Beccaria Laws existed to preserve social order, not to punish Against cruel punishments and torturing of witnesses The punishment should match the crime Did not believe in capital punishment Governments should seek the greatest good for the greatest number of people Utilitarianism

Women and the Enlightenment While some philosophes called for equal treatment, many felt women did not need education Mary Wollstonecraft – said women were not inferior to men and had a right to education. Also encouraged women to enter politics

Legacy of the Enlightenment Belief in progress – there’s still more to learn and improvements to be made More secular outlook – people were not afraid to question religious beliefs, letting them advance science Importance of individual – you can use your own reason and logic to solve problems