1. Enlightenment and Revolution 1550-1789
Ch 22

2. Throughout history, how have people reacted to new ways of thought?

3. Scientific Revolution
Scientific Revolution- new way of thinking about the natural world
How did people explain natural phenomena before the scientific revolution?

4. Causes of the Scientific Revolution

5. Reformation People first began to challenge accepted ways
As people questioned their religion they began to challenge other accepted beliefs about the world

6. Heliocentric Model Geocentric Model – sun revolves around the earth
Proposed by Aristotle and Ptolemy
Christianity taught that God placed the earth in the middle of the universe

7. Heliocentric Model Heliocentric Model – earth revolves around the sun
First suggested by Copernicus
Proven mathematically by Kepler
Observed and published by Galileo

8. Scientific Method
Scientific Method- logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas
Developed by Bacon and Descartes

9. Law of Gravity
Isaac Newton- English scientist who explained the laws of motion and gravity

10. The Enlightenment in Europe

11. Enlightenment
Enlightenment- new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems

12. Two Views on Government

13. Social Contract Thomas Hobbes- book Leviathon (1651)
All humans are naturally selfish and wicked
Social Contract- idea that people had to hand over their rights to a strong ruler in exchange for law and order

14. Locke’s Natural Rights
John Locke- philosopher whose beliefs are the foundation of modern democracy
People are reasonable and can learn from experience
Natural Rights- belief that everyone has the right to life, liberty, and property. The purpose of government is to protect these rights.
Ideas are fundamental to the US Declaration of Independence

15. Philosophes
The Enlightenment reached its height in France in the mid-1700s
Philosophes- French for philosophers, believed that reason could be applied to all aspects of life and not just science

16. Voltaire
Voltaire- French philosopher who fought for tolerance, reason, religious freedom, and freedom of speech
“I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it”
Ideas used in US Bill of Rights and French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

17. Montesquieu
Montesquieu- French writer who proposed separation of power in government. His ideas would later be known as checks and balances
Separation of power used in France, US, and Latin American nations constitutions

18. Rousseau Rousseau- philosopher who was committed to individual freedom
“Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains”
Legitimate government comes from consent of the governed

19. Beccaria
Beccaria- Italian philosopher who believed that laws were meant to preserve social order, not punish criminals
Ideas are used in the US Bill of Rights

20. Mary Wollstonecraft Mary Wollstonecraft- argued for women’s rights
Fought for equal education

21. Effects of the Enlightenment
Theories of Enlightenment thinkers eventually led to the American and French Revolutions
Belief in Progress-growth of scientific knowledge quickened
More Secular Outlook- non-religious outlook
Importance of the Individual-people looked for guidance in themselves instead of the church or royalty

22. Spread of Enlightenment Ideas

23. World of Ideas
Ideas of the Enlightenment spread quickly around the world
Encyclopedias, newspapers, pamphlets, books

24. New Artistic Ideas Neoclassical style Changes in music and literature
Beethoven
Bach
Handel

25. Enlightenment and the Monarchy
Enlightened Despots- absolute rulers who supported the ideas of the Enlightenment
Frederick the Great- king of Prussia from who granted many religious freedoms, reduced censorship, and improved education
Catherine the Great- ruled Russia from , sought to reform Russia by allowing religious toleration, abolishing torture and capital punishment. Vastly expanded the Russian empire

26. American Revolution
French and Indian War , war between England in France fought in the American colonies. To pay off war debt the British levied taxes on the colonists
Stamp Act- taxes passed by the British on all printed materials in the colonies that led to American outrage
April 19, 1775 Lexington and Concord

27. Influence of the Enlightenment
Colonist used Enlightenment ideas to justify independence
Declaration of Independence is based on the ideas of Locke

28. How did the colonists win?
Motivation
Overconfident British generals
Time
Help from France

29. Federal System
Federal System- political system in which power is divided between state and national government
Checks and Balances- each branch of government has power over the other two
Bill of Rights- guarantees the rights of the people, protects the people from the government

30. Importance of the Constitution and Bill of Rights
Mark a turning point in people’s ideas about government
Ideas of the American Revolution spread around the world