1. The Enlightenment

2. The Scientific Revolution
Ideas challenging ancient thinkers and the church
New way of thinking about the natural world
Based on careful observation, willingness to question accepted beliefs
Spread through traveling to other lands, printing press
Astronomy, mathematics (navigation)

3. Astronomy Geocentric Theory (middle ages) Heliocentric Theory Kepler
Earth at center of universe
Sun, moon, stars, planets rotate
Aristotle, Ptolemy, Christianity
Heliocentric Theory
Copernicus studies 25 years
Earth, stars, planets revolve around sun
Contradicts religious views
Kepler
Planets revolve around the sun in ellipses

4. Geocentric/Heliocentric theories
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Kepler’s foci
Kepler’s “Wandering Stars”
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11. Astronomy Galileo Builds telescope
Jupiter has four moons, sun has dark spots
Moon has rough surface
Challenges church’s idea that moon, stars are pure

14. Challenging the Church
New ideas force questioning of church authority
If people question the church in science, why not in other things, too?
Galileo is warned by pope, but he still supports ideas of Copernicus and Ptolemy
Threatened torture, rescinds ideas
Lives under house arrest, dies as a prisoner
Catholic church agrees that Galileo was right in 1992

15. Scientific Method Logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas
Problem or question from observation
Hypothesis
Tested in experiment
Analysis and interpretation to prove/disprove hypothesis
Bacon and Descartes
Bacon thinks science can improve life
Urges scientists to experiment, conclude
Descartes believes all should be doubted until proven (“I think, therefore I am”)

16. Newton Theory of Motion God as a clockmaker setting universe in motion
Physical objects affected by same forces
Motion of planets and all matter on earth and in space
“Every object attracts every other object”
Depends on mass of object and distance between
God as a clockmaker setting universe in motion

19. Newton’s Laws
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20. Spread of Scientific Revolution
Tools and instruments
Microscope
Barometer
Thermometer
Medicine and anatomy
Dissection of human bodies
Vaccine to prevent smallpox (cowpox)
Chemistry
Smaller primary particles (elements)
Boyle’s law explains how volume, temp, and pressure of gas affect each other

22. The Enlightenment
Definition: a new intellectual movement stressing reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems

23. Two Views of Government
Thomas Hobbes
Leviathan
All humans are naturally selfish and wicked
Without gov’t, life would be “nasty, brutish, and short”
To have good life, give rights to strong ruler and in return receive law and order (social contract)
Ruler needs total power to keep citizens under control (absolute monarchy)

24. Two Views of Government
John Locke
People can learn from experience and improve themselves
People can govern own affairs and look after welfare of society (no abs. monarchy, but self)
All born free and equal with three natural rights: life, liberty, property
Government has responsibility to protect rights
If gov’t fails, people should overthrow it
Power of gov’t comes from consent of the governed

25. Philosophes Gather in Paris, Fr. Apply reason to all aspects of life
Reason: truth discovered through reason/logic
Nature: what is natural is good, reasonable
Happiness: seek happiness here, not in death
Progress: society, humankind should improve
Liberty: freedoms granted in Glorious Rev, Bill of Rights
Salons: places hosted by women of great learning

27. Voltaire Satire of clergy, aristocracy, gov’t
Sent to prison, exiled
Fights for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief, freedom of speech
“I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it.”~ Voltaire

28. Montesquieu Political liberty
Britain is best-governed and politically balanced
King and ministers have executive power (carry out laws)
Parliament as legislative power (make laws)
Judges of courts as judicial power (interpret laws)
Division of power as separation of powers
Power should be checked to prevent too much
Checks and balances

29. Rousseau Individual freedom
Civilization corrupts people’s natural goodness
“Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains”~ Jean Jacques Rousseau
Only good gov’t is one formed by people, guided by “general will” of society (direct democracy)
Give up some rights for greater good
Consent of the governed
All people are equal, nobility should be abolished
Ideas lead to French revolution

30. Beccaria Laws exist to preserve social order
Criticizes abuse of justice
Torturing witnesses and suspects
Irregular proceedings in trials
Cruel and unusual punishments
Speedy and public trial
Punishment based on seriousness of crime
Abolish capital punishment

31. Women and the Enlightenment
Traditional views toward women
Education as good wife, mother
No reading novels (It may corrupt)
Mary Astell promotes education and criticizes inequality between men and women
Mary Wollstonecraft
Education to become virtuous and useful
Women to enter medicine and politics
Catherine the Great of Russia
Applies ideas of Montesquieu and Beccaria to gov’t (no torture/capital punishment, tolerance)

32. Legacy of the Enlightenment
Belief in progress
Growth of scientific knowledge
Reason to solve social problems
End to slavery, greater social equality
Secular outlook
Questioning of religion, the church
Science and mathematic reason, not “God” (?)
Importance of individual
Looking to self, not religion
Ability to reason for right and wrong
Formation of government by individuals

33. Copernicus
Hobbes
Kepler
Galileo
Voltaire
Rousseau
Montesquieu
Locke