1. Enlightenment, & Revolution!
Outcome: The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment

2. The Scientific Revolution
Setting the Stage: The Renaissance & The Reformation
The Renaissance, a rebirth of learning and the arts, inspired a spirit of curiosity in many fields.
Scholars began to question ideas that had been accepted for hundreds of years
The Reformation prompted religious followers to challenge accepted ways of thinking about God and salvation.

3. The Scientific Revolution
The Scientific Revolution Early Days
In the 1500s, scholars looked to ancient Roman or Greek texts or the Bible to determine what was true and false
Many believed in the geocentric theory: the idea that the sun, moon, and planets revolve around the earth. Ptolemy said God put the earth at the center.
By the mid 1500s, the Scientific Revolution began.
The Scientific Revolution was a new way of thinking about the natural world.
The way was based upon careful observation and willingness to question accepted beliefs.
The Renaissance and Age of Exploration helped lead to the Scientific Revolution

4. Geocentric Theory

5. The Scientific Revolution
Theories and Discoveries
Copernicus reasoned that the sun was the center of our solar system and this led to his heliocentric theory
Copernicus did not publish his findings until the year he died, fearful that scholars and clergy would reject his findings.
Galileo Galilei built the first telescope in 1609; discovered Jupiter has 4 moons and that our own moon has a rough surface.
Galileo was put on trial with threat of torture from the Pope. He admitted Copernicus’ ideas were false and lived the rest of his life under house arrest.

6. Copernicus and the gang
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Francis Bacon helped develop the Scientific Method by his proposal that scientists should use observation rather than relying on old knowledge.
Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo began using the Scientific Method: a logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas.
Isaac Newton discovered new laws of motion and gravity.
The first microscope, first mercury barometer, a smallpox vaccine, and advances in chemistry were also made during the Scientific Revolution
SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS
Daniel Farenheit developed a thermometer showing freezing at 32 while Anders Celsius created another scale with freezing at 0.

7. Galileo

8. The Enlightenment The Enlightenment
Not only did new ways of thinking apply to science, but were also applied to all aspects of society: government, religion, economics, and education.
This spurred on the Enlightenment: a new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power for individuals to solve problems.

9. Thomas Hobbes

10. The Enlightenment Views on Government: Thomas Hobbes
All humans are naturally selfish and wicked and we a strong ruler to govern.
Hobbes called for a social contract, a government where people agreed to give total control to a monarch because people acted in their own self interest.
Denis Diderot :
He edited and published the first encyclopedia. His aim was to gain all what is known in the world. The church and the French government at first banned the books.

11. John Locke

12. The Enlightenment Views on Government: John Locke
More positive view than Hobbes; people could learn from experiences and improve themselves
All people are born free and equal with three natural rights: life, liberty, and property.
The purpose of government is to protect these rights, if they fail to do so, the citizens have the right to over throw it.

13. The Enlightenment The Philosophes Advocate Reason
Social critics in France during the 1700s were known as philosophes
Five concepts formed their core beliefs: Reason, Nature, Happiness, Progress, Liberty
Voltaire was the most brilliant and influential of the philosophes
He used satire against the clergy, aristocracy, and government
Even though Voltaire made enemies, he never stopped fighting for tolerance, reason, freedom of religion and freedom of speech.
Montesquieu believed Britain was best-governed and helped influence creation of US government

14. The Enlightenment
Rousseau was passionately committed to individual freedoms
Beccaria was interested in the justice system; laws existed to preserve social order, not to avenge crimes.
Mary Wollstonecraft argued that women’s education should not be secondary to men’s and that women need to education to become more virtuous and useful.
Result: The Enlightenment writers challenged long held beliefs and ideas about society. They challenged the church, state, monarchs, and unequal social classes. These ideas would spread and ultimately help start two of the most influential events of World History: The American and French Revolutions.