Instruction Execution (Load and Store instructions) ie := ( (op<4..0>= 1) : R[ra] ¬ M[disp], load register (ld) (op<4..0>= 2) : R[ra] ¬ M[rel], load register relative (ldr) (op<4..0>= 3) : M[disp] ¬ R[ra], store register (st) (op<4..0>= 4) : M[rel] ¬ R[ra], store register relative (str) (op<4..0>= 5) : R[ra] ¬ disp, load displacement address (la) (op<4..0>= 6) : R[ra] ¬ rel, load relative address (lar) . . . Other instructions go here

Instruction Execution (Branch instructions) ie := ( . . . (op<4..0>= 8) : (cond : PC ¬ R[rb]), conditional branch (br) (op<4..0>= 9) : (R[ra] ¬ PC, cond : (PC ¬ R[rb]) ), branch and link (brl)

Instruction Execution (Branch instructions) ie := ( . . . (op<4..0>= 8) : (cond : PC ¬ R[rb]), conditional branch (br) (op<4..0>= 9) : (R[ra] ¬ PC, cond : (PC ¬ R[rb]) ), branch and link (brl) cond := ( c3á2..0ñ=0 : 0, never c3á2..0ñ=1 : 1, always c3á2..0ñ=2 : R[rc]=0, if register is zero c3á2..0ñ=3 : R[rc]¹0, if register is nonzero c3á2..0ñ=4 : R[rc]á31ñ=0, if positive or zero c3á2..0ñ=5 : R[rc]á31ñ=1 ), if negative

Instruction Execution (Branch instructions) ie := ( . . . (op<4..0>= 8) : (cond : PC ¬ R[rb]), conditional branch (br) (op<4..0>= 9) : (R[ra] ¬ PC, cond : (PC ¬ R[rb]) ), branch and link (brl) This simply means that when c3<2..0> is equal to one of these six values, substitute the expression on the right hand side of the : in place of cond cond := ( c3á2..0ñ=0 : 0, never c3á2..0ñ=1 : 1, always c3á2..0ñ=2 : R[rc]=0, if register is zero c3á2..0ñ=3 : R[rc]¹0, if register is nonzero c3á2..0ñ=4 : R[rc]á31ñ=0, if positive or zero c3á2..0ñ=5 : R[rc]á31ñ=1 ), if negative

Instruction Execution (Arithmetic and Logical instructions) ie := ( . . . (op<4..0>=12) : R[ra] ¬ R[rb] + R[rc], (op<4..0>=13) : R[ra] ¬ R[rb] + c2á16..0ñ {sign extend}, (op<4..0>=14) : R[ra] ¬ R[rb] - R[rc], (op<4..0>=15) : R[ra] ¬ - R[rc], (op<4..0>=20) : R[ra] ¬ R[rb] & R[rc], (op<4..0>=21) : R[ra] ¬ R[rb] & c2á16..0ñ {sign extend}, (op<4..0>=22) : R[ra] ¬ R[rb] ~ R[rc], (op<4..0>=23) : R[ra] ¬ R[rb] ~ c2á16..0ñ {sign extend}, (op<4..0>=24) : R[ra] ¬ ! R[rc],

Instruction Execution (Arithmetic and Logical instructions) ie := ( . . . (op<4..0>=12) : R[ra] ¬ R[rb] + R[rc], (op<4..0>=13) : R[ra] ¬ R[rb] + c2á16..0ñ {sign extend}, (op<4..0>=14) : R[ra] ¬ R[rb] - R[rc], (op<4..0>=15) : R[ra] ¬ - R[rc], (op<4..0>=20) : R[ra] ¬ R[rb] & R[rc], (op<4..0>=21) : R[ra] ¬ R[rb] & c2á16..0ñ {sign extend}, (op<4..0>=22) : R[ra] ¬ R[rb] ~ R[rc], (op<4..0>=23) : R[ra] ¬ R[rb] ~ c2á16..0ñ {sign extend}, (op<4..0>=24) : R[ra] ¬ ! R[rc], and add sub addi neg or andi ori not

Instruction Execution (Shift instructions) ie := ( . . . (op<4..0>=26) : R[ra]á31..0 ñ ¬ (n α 0) © R[rb] á31..nñ, (op<4..0>=27) : R[ra]á31..0 ñ ¬ (n α R[rb] á31ñ) © R[rb] á31..nñ, (op<4..0>=28) : R[ra]á31..0 ñ ¬ R[rb] á31-n..0ñ © (n α 0), (op<4..0>=29) : R[ra]á31..0 ñ ¬ R[rb] á31-n..0ñ © R[rb]á31..32-n ñ, where n := ( (c3á4..0ñ=0) : R[rc], (c3á4..0ñ¹0) : c3 á4..0ñ ), Notation: α means replication © means concatenation

Instruction Execution (Shift instructions) ie := ( . . . (op<4..0>=26) : R[ra]á31..0 ñ ¬ (n α 0) © R[rb] á31..nñ, (op<4..0>=27) : R[ra]á31..0 ñ ¬ (n α R[rb] á31ñ) © R[rb] á31..nñ, (op<4..0>=28) : R[ra]á31..0 ñ ¬ R[rb] á31-n..0ñ © (n α 0), (op<4..0>=29) : R[ra]á31..0 ñ ¬ R[rb] á31-n..0ñ © R[rb]á31..32-n ñ, shr shra where n := ( (c3á4..0ñ=0) : R[rc], (c3á4..0ñ¹0) : c3 á4..0ñ ), shl shc Notation: α means replication © means concatenation

Instruction Execution (Miscellaneous instructions) ie := ( . . . (op<4..0>= 0) : , No operation (nop) (op<4..0>= 31) : Run ¬ 0, Halt the processor (Stop) ); iF ); Instruction Execution ends here

The basic D Flip-Flop

The basic D Flip-Flop Q output Data input Enable input Active low Clock input Active low clear input

The n-bit register Definition: a group of FFs operating synchronously Can be formed by using n D flip-flops Connect the clock inputs of DFFs together (and enables also) Clock to DFFs has to be free running, especially for dynamic gates; use En to load registers

A 4-bit register: circuit

A 4-bit register: our symbol Inputs Clock Enable Outputs

A 4-bit register: test circuit

A 4-bit register: waveforms Inputs Outputs

A 4-to-1 MUX: our symbol Inputs 3 2 1 output

A 4-to-1 MUX: test circuit

A 4-to-1 MUX: waveforms 3 1

Tri-state buffers: circuit symbol ENABLE Data Input Data Output Don’t care Data input Enable Data output X Z 1

A 4-bit tri-state buffer unit (our symbol)

A 4-bit tri-state buffer unit (test circuit)