Chapter 1 – Biochemistry: An Introduction Suroviec Fall 2016

I. Biochemistry Introduction Study of how life processes result from the interaction of lifeless molecules

II. Biological Structures Chemical Foundations Living things are only made of a few elements

B. Organic Chemistry Most molecules in a living cell belong to one of a few structure classes Chemical reactivity of biomolecules is limited relative to the reactivity of all organic compounds

C. Major Biomolecules 4 major groups 1. amino acids 2. carbohydrates 3. nucleotides 4. lipids

1. Amino Acids

2. Carbohydrates

3. Nucleotides

4. Lipids

D. Major Biological Polymers Organisms contain macromolecules that may consist of thousands of atoms Built from smaller units

D. Major Biological Polymers Proteins

Nucleic acids

D. Major Biological Polymers 3. polysaccharides

Section 1.3: Is the Living Cell a Chemical Factory? The properties of even the simplest cells are remarkable Autopoiesis has been coined to describe the remarkable properties of living organisms Metabolism is defined as: From McKee and McKee, Biochemistry, 5th Edition, © 2011 by Oxford University Press

Section 1.3: Is the Living Cell a Chemical Factory? Biochemical Reactions In a nucleophilic substitution reaction, an atom with an unshared pair of electrons displaces a leaving group A: + B-X  A-B + X: where A: is the nucleophile and X: is the leaving group An important type is a hydrolysis reaction From McKee and McKee, Biochemistry, 5th Edition, © 2011 by Oxford University Press

Section 1.3: Is the Living Cell a Chemical Factory? Biochemical Reactions Continued An elimination reaction forms a double bond when atoms in a molecule are removed From McKee and McKee, Biochemistry, 5th Edition, © 2011 by Oxford University Press

Section 1.3: Is the Living Cell a Chemical Factory? Biochemical Reactions Continued An addition reaction is when two molecules combine to form a single product From McKee and McKee, Biochemistry, 5th Edition, © 2011 by Oxford University Press

Section 1.3: Is the Living Cell a Chemical Factory? Biochemical Reactions Continued An isomerization reaction results in atoms or groups undergoing intramolecular shifts From McKee and McKee, Biochemistry, 5th Edition, © 2011 by Oxford University Press

Section 1.3: Is the Living Cell a Chemical Factory? Biochemical Reactions Continued Electron transfer is the result of oxidation-reduction reactions From McKee and McKee, Biochemistry, 5th Edition, © 2011 by Oxford University Press

Energy Section 1.3: Is the Living Cell a Chemical Factory? Energy is defined as the capacity to do work Cells generate most of their energy with redox reactions The energy captured when electrons are transferred from an oxidizable molecule to an electron-deficient molecule is used to drive ATP synthesis From McKee and McKee, Biochemistry, 5th Edition, © 2011 by Oxford University Press

Overview of Metabolism Section 1.3: Is the Living Cell a Chemical Factory? Overview of Metabolism Metabolic pathways come in two types: anabolic and catabolic Figure 1.20 A Biochemical Pathway From McKee and McKee, Biochemistry, 5th Edition, © 2011 by Oxford University Press

Section 1.3: Is the Living Cell a Chemical Factory? Figure 1.21 Anabolism and Catabolism From McKee and McKee, Biochemistry, 5th Edition, © 2011 by Oxford University Press

Biological Order Section 1.3: Is the Living Cell a Chemical Factory? The coherent unity that is observed in all organisms: Synthesis of biomolecules Transport across membranes Cell movement Waste removal From McKee and McKee, Biochemistry, 5th Edition, © 2011 by Oxford University Press