1. Chapter 3: Biochemistry

2. Section 1- Carbon Compounds
All compounds can be classified into two categories:
Organic compounds: made primarily of carbon atoms
Inorganic compounds: do not contain carbon atoms (with a few exceptions)

3. Carbon Bonding Carbon has four electrons in its outermost energy level
Remember: atoms want to have 8 total electrons in its outer shell
Carbon, has four spots for electrons open, and can therefore make up to four covalent bonds with other atoms

4. Carbon Bonding Carbon can also bond to other carbon atoms
Straight carbon chains
Branched carbon chain
Carbon Ring

5. Carbon Bonding
In chemistry, a line between two atoms represents a covalent bond formed when the two atoms share a pair of electrons
A bond formed when two atoms share one pair of electrons is called a single bond

6. Carbon Bonding Atoms can also share multiple pairs of electrons
Double bond: represented by two parallel lines, occurs when atoms share two pairs of electrons
Triple bond: represented by three parallel lines, occurs when three pairs of electrons are shared

7. Types of Bonding

8. Functional Groups
In organic compounds, functional groups influence the characteristics of the molecules they compose and the chemical reactions the molecules undergo

9. Functional Groups Example: -OH (Hydroxyl group)
Important to many living things
Can make the molecule its attached to polar
Polar molecules are hydrophilic, or soluble in water

10. Large Carbon Molecules
Many organic compounds are comprised of smaller, simpler molecules called monomers
Multiple monomers can bond together and form polymers
Polymers: molecules that consist of repeated, linked units.
Large polymers are called macromolecules

11. Large Carbon Molecules
There are many different types of macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

12. Large Carbon Molecules
Monomers link to form polymers through a chemical reaction known as a condensation reaction
When monomers are added to a polymer a water molecule is released

13. Large Carbon Molecules
Living organisms also have to break down polymers
The process of breaking down polymers into smaller pieces is known as hydrolysis
Water is used to break down the polymer
Hydrolysis is the reverse of a condensation reaction

14. Energy Currency Life processes require a constant supply of energy
The energy required for these processes comes in the form of compounds that store large amounts of energy in their structure
One such compound is adenosine triphosphate, also known as ATP

15. Energy Currency Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) 5 carbon sugar
Nitrogen compound (adenine)
Phosphate groups

16. Energy Currency ATP stores a lot of energy
Energy is released when the phosphate groups break their covalent bonds
Hydrolysis of ATP is used by the cell to provide the energy needed to power the chemical reactions needed by organisms to function

17. Hydrolysis of ATP