1. Common Biochemical Reactions

2. chemical reaction  a process involving one, two or more substances (called reactants), characterized by a chemical change and yielding one or more product(s) which are different from the reactants substances reactants chemical changeproductsubstances reactants chemical changeproduct

3. chemical change  molecules attaching to each other to form larger molecules, molecules breaking apart to form two, or more, smaller molecules, or rearrangement of atoms within molecules moleculeatom moleculeatom

4. chemical change  involve the making or breaking of chemical bonds chemical bondchemical bond  does not change the nucleus of the atom in any way, only the interaction of the electron clouds of the involved atoms nucleusatomelectronnucleusatomelectron  Nuclear reactions are not considered chemical reactions, although chemical reactions may follow a nuclear transformation. Nuclear reaction Nuclear reaction

5. Types of chemical reaction  Synthesis, where two or more compounds unite to form a more complex product Synthesis

6. Types of chemical reaction  Chemical decomposition, where a substance is decomposed into smaller compounds; Chemical decomposition Chemical decomposition  Combustion, where a substance reacts with oxygen gas Combustionoxygen Combustionoxygen

7. Types of chemical reaction  Single displacement reaction, also called a single replacement reaction, characterized by an atom of an element which is part of a compound being displaced out of it by a more reactive atom Single displacement reaction Single displacement reaction

8. Types of chemical reaction  Double displacement reaction, also called a double replacement reaction, where compounds (usually ionic) exchange ions to form different compounds; Double displacement reactionionic Double displacement reactionionic

9. Types of chemical reaction  Acid-base neutralization, where an acid and an base react producing water ; Acid-base neutralizationacidbase Acid-base neutralizationacidbase

10. Types of chemical reaction  organic reactions, which encompass several different kinds of reactions involving compounds which have carbon as the main element in their molecular structure. organic reactioncarbon organic reactioncarbon

11. Types of chemical reaction  redox reactions, which involve electron transference between compounds (metallic single displacement and combustion are two common examples) redox reaction redox reaction  acid-base reactions acid-base reactions acid-base reactions

12. Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions: Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions:  replacement of one atom or group with a different nucleophilic atom or group

13. Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions: Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions:  Generally anions or unshared electron pairs

14. Common biological nucleophiles  oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur

15. Hydrolysis Reactions  a common class of nucleophilic substitution  Addition of water to break a covalent bond  Hydrolysis of ATP

16. Elimination Reactions  removal of atoms to form a double bond  Dehydration: removal of water (e.g. from a C - C bond to form a C = C double bond

17. Addition Reactions  combining two molecules to form a single product (generally across a C = C double bond)  Hydration: Addition of water (e.g. to a C = C double bond)  Ex. a late step in the Krebs Cycle

18. Isomerization Reactions  intramolecular rearrangement of atoms or groups (e.g. isomerization of sugar molecules

19. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions  transfer of electrons from a donor (reducing agent) to an acceptor molecule (oxidizing agent)  Reduction: gain of electrons  gain of Hydrogen or loss of Oxygen  Oxidation: loss of electrons  gain of Oxygen or loss of Hydrogen  Note: Oxidation and Reduction are coupled reactions (REDOX)