Nationalism Preview: In your own words, define these words: Conservativism Liberalism Radicalism

Nationalism is the belief that people should be loyal to their nation rather than to an empire—to the people with whom they share a culture and history

Nationalism Experiential Exercise You are part of the Mirabal Empire; I decide where you sit & what you do Nationalism has been growing among the students in the classroom & has led some of you to want to break away & form new nations

Nationalism Experiential Exercise To form a nation, you must: Find students in the room who are most “like” you & see if they would be willing to join your nation Form a nation by sitting in desks but the desks cannot move Create a national flag that shows the common elements that bind you together

“Italy” in 1815 was not a unified nation; it was divided into 3 regions: Parts were independent & had their own king In the 1830s, nationalism led to a unification movement as Italians began to see themselves as having a shared history (ancient Rome, Renaissance), shared territory, shared enemies (Napoleonic Wars) Parts were controlled by the Pope Parts were foreign controlled by Austria & France

Giuseppe Mazzini Mazzini was a radical who established the nationalist group Young Italy in 1831 to unify Italy & created a republic Led a revolution in 1848 which led to a brief Italian republic (but Italy was not unified); Mazzini was overthrown & seen as too radical

Count Camillo di Cavour In 1849, the king of Sardinia named Cavour Prime Minister; Cavour wanted to make Sardinia very powerful by increasing industry, reducing the Pope’s influence, & unifying Italy (but ONLY if Sardinia led the unification movement)

Giuseppe Garibaldi Meanwhile, in Southern Italy remained isolated, radical nationalists prepared for a revolution Giuseppe Garibaldi was a nationalist who had joined Young Italy & helped in the South American independence movements; he wanted a unified Italy under a republic

Unification Garibaldi successfully led the unification of the South, but Cavour is unhappy (does not want a republic; wants Sardinia’s king in charge) Cavour tricked Garibaldi into giving up his conquests to Sardinia—Italy’s North & South are unified & a new Constitutional Monarchy By 1871, all French territories are reclaimed & unification is complete

RealPolitik & the Belligerent Bismarck German Unification RealPolitik & the Belligerent Bismarck

Germany in 1815 Germany was the last European country to unify After the Congress of Vienna, 39 independent German states merged into the German Confederation

Prussia Prussia badly wanted to unify these 39 states into a new nation, Germany Otto von Bismarck was Prime Minister of Prussia who used RealPolitik— pursue goals by any means necessary (go to war, lie, break treaties)

To do this, Bismarck led Prussia to war Franco-Prussian War against France to convince the Catholics in southern Germany that unification with Prussia was better than unification with France Seven Weeks War against Austria led to the North German Confederation (a united northern Germany under Prussia’s control) To do this, Bismarck led Prussia to war

A United Germany As a result of military victories, Prussia gains support from all German states for unification; 25 states become united under 1 union: In 1871—Wilhelm I becomes Kaiser (emperor); Bismarck becomes Chancellor (Prime Minister) Each state has a local ruler, army, & handles its own domestic affairs Kaiser heads national government