Reform and Western Influence

The Self-Strengthening Movement Aim was military strength Manufacture weapons Officials set up the first modern industrial enterprises

The Treaty Ports Reasons for their growth Low tariffs Extraterritoriality British commercial law

Refugees in a Shanghai shantytown

Shanghai British merchants

Shanghai British family c 1900

Sassoon family properties

St John’s University, Shanghai

Shanghai, Indian army band c. 1900

A class at French school that took mainly Russian refugee children

Shanghai Japanese Shinto shrine

The growth of a social class with an interest in modernisation Government employees Yan Fu Overseas Chinese

Merchants who work with foreign traders (compradores) Tang Jingxing Sir Boshan Wei Yuk (compradore of forerunner of HSBC Bank) Feel excluded from the government

Rise of oppositional public opinion Newspapers Writers Political parties

The Qing dynasty’s problems in the 1890s Dependence on the treaty system Decentralisation The rise of regional governors Zeng Guofan Li Hongzhang Foreign imperialism Vietnam 1884 Korea 1895 Taiwan 1895

The 100 Days Reforms of 1898 Kang Youwei petitions the young Guangxu emperor Abolition of the “eight-legged” essay Stimulate agriculture, industry and commerce Western-style drills in the army Coup by Dowager Empress Cixi Kang creates China’s first political party The Protect the Emperor Society