Bio 369: Plant Physiology William Terzaghi Spring 2017
COURSE OVERVIEW 1) Understanding how plants work.
Understanding how plants work. Solar input = 1.3 kW/m2
Understanding how plants work. Solar input = 1.3 kW/m2 5% (max) can be stored in organics
Understanding how plants work. Solar input = 1.3 kW/m2 5% (65W/m2) can be stored Humans consume ~ 100 W (360,000 J/hour)
Understanding how plants work. Solar input = 1.3 kW/m2 5% (65W/m2) can be stored Humans consume ~ 100 W (360,000 J/hour) Plants must have high surface area & low metabolism
Understanding how plants work. Photosynthesis
Understanding how plants work. Photosynthesis Nutrition
Understanding how plants work. Photosynthesis Nutrition Metabolism
Understanding how plants work. Photosynthesis Nutrition Metabolism Growth & development
COURSE OVERVIEW 1) Understanding how plants work. 2) Understanding how plant biologists work. Method
COURSE OVERVIEW 1) Understanding how plants work. 2) Understanding how plant biologists work. Method Technology
Plan A Standard lecture & canned lab course
Plan B Standard lecture course, except:
Plan B Standard lecture course, except: Last lectures will be chosen by you -> electives
Plan B Standard lecture course, except: Last lectures will be chosen by you -> electives Last 4 labs will be an independent research project
Plan B Standard lecture course, except: Last lectures will be chosen by you -> electives Last 4 labs will be an independent research project 20% of grade will be “elective” Paper Talk Research proposal Poster Exam
Plan C We will pick a problem in plant biology and see where it takes us.
Plan C We will pick a problem in plant biology and see where it takes us. Phytoremediation Atrazine and other triazine herbicides 2nd most widely used herbicide in US Endocrine disruptor
Plan C We will pick a problem in plant biology and see where it takes us. Phytoremediation Atrazine and other triazine herbicides 2nd most widely used herbicide in US Endocrine disruptor Find or make plants that destroy or mop them up?
Plan C Phytoremediation Atrazine and other triazine herbicides Neonicotinoid pesticides (e.g. imidacloprid) Bind nicotinic acetylcholine receptors Used on most crops: 95% of corn, > 50% of soy Cause bee colony collapse?
Plan C Phytoremediation Atrazine and other triazine herbicides Neonicotinoid pesticides (e.g. imidacloprid) Bind nicotinic acetylcholine receptors Used on most crops: 95% of corn, > 50% of soy Cause bee colony collapse? Find or make plants that destroy or mop them up?
Plan C Phytoremediation Atrazine and other triazine herbicides Neonicotinoid pesticides (e.g. imidacloprid) Metals, other mine or fracking waste? Find or make plants that destroy or mop them up?
Plan C Phytoremediation Plant products – can we make jalapenos hotter? N- deprivation made short plants, normal radishes S - deprivation made normal plants, no radishes Shaking 1 min 3x/week stunted garlics, but no other plants Punching leaves with a hole punch made jalapenos hotter
Plan C Phytoremediation Plant products – can we make jalapenos hotter? Biofuels Biodiesel (or other hydrocarbons)? Increasing oil production
Plan C Phytoremediation Plant products – can we make jalapenos hotter? Biofuels Biodiesel (or other hydrocarbons)? Increasing oil production Increasing production of biodiesel
Plan C Phytoremediation Plant products Biofuels Biodiesel? Electricity? Hydrogen?
Plan C Phytoremediation Plant products Biofuels Effects of seed spacing on seed germination Arabidopsis germinated much better in groups of 6 than by themselves, but mutant didn’t mind
Plan C We will pick a problem in plant biology and see where it takes us. Phytoremediation Plant products Biofuels Effects of seed spacing on seed germination Climate/CO2 change Effects of elevated CO2 on various plant processes C3 vs C4 vs CAM?
Plan C We will pick a problem in plant biology and see where it takes us. Phytoremediation Plant products Biofuels Effects of seed spacing on seed germination Climate/CO2 change Stress responses/stress avoidance Improving food production Biotechnology Plant movements Plant signaling (including neurobiology) Flowering? Something else?
Plan C Pick a problem
Plan C Pick a problem Pick some plants to study
Plan C Pick a problem Pick some plants to study Design some experiments
Plan C Pick a problem Pick some plants to study Design some experiments See where they lead us
Plan C Pick a problem Pick some plants to study Design some experiments See where they lead us Grading? Combination of papers and presentations
Plan C Grading? Combination of papers and presentations First presentation: 5 points Research presentation: 10 points Final presentation: 15 points Assignments: 5 points each Poster: 10 points Intermediate report 10 points Final report: 30 points Alternatives Paper(s) instead of 1 or two presentations Research proposal instead of a presentation One or two exams?
BIO 369- Resource and Policy Information Instructor: Dr. William Terzaghi Office: SLC 363/CSC228 Office hours: MWF 12-1 in SLC 363, TR 1-2 in CSC228, or by appointment Phone: (570) 408-4762 Email: terzaghi@wilkes.edu
BIO 369 - Resource and Policy Information Instructor: Dr. William Terzaghi Office: SLC 363/CSC228 Office hours: MWF 12-1 in SLC 363, TR 1-2 in CSC228, or by appointment Phone: (570) 408-4762 Email: terzaghi@wilkes.edu Course webpage: http://staffweb.wilkes.edu/william.terzaghi/bio369.html
Vegetative Plant Structure 3 Parts Leaf Stem Root
Vegetative Plant Structure 3 tissue types Dermal Ground Vascular Cells do most of the work in plants!
Vegetative Plant Structure 3 Parts Leaf Cuticle = lipid barrier
Vegetative Plant Structure 3 Parts Leaf Cuticle = lipid barrier Epidermis = barrier cells
Leaf Structure Cuticle = lipid barrier Epidermis = barrier cells Stomate = gate controlled by guard cells
Leaf Structure Cuticle = lipid barrier Epidermis = barrier cells Stomate = gate controlled by guard cells Mesophyll = photosynthetic cells
Leaf Structure Cuticle = lipid barrier Epidermis = barrier cells Stomate = gate controlled by guard cells Mesophyll = photosynthetic cells Bundle Sheath = control import/export
Leaf Structure Bundle Sheath = control import/export Vascular tissue = plumbing Xylem = water & inorganics Dead!
Leaf Structure Bundle Sheath = control import/export Vascular tissue = plumbing Xylem = water & inorganics Dead! Phloem = photosynthate
Leaf Structure Vascular tissue = plumbing Xylem = water & inorganics Dead! Phloem = photosynthate Live!
Plant Structure C4 Kranz anatomy = less mesophyll, more bundle sheath
Veg.Plant Structure 3 Parts Leaf Stem
Vegetative Plant Structure 3 Parts Leaf Stem Apical meristems create new shoot cells
Vegetative Plant Structure Stem Apical meristems create new shoot cells Vascular cambium creates new xylem & phloem
Vegetative Plant Structure Stem Apical meristems create new shoot cells Vascular cambium creates new xylem & phloem Cork cambium creates bark
Vegetative Plant Structure 3 Parts Leaf Stem Root Root cap protects tip
Root Structure Root cap protects tip Quiescent center provides reserve cells
Root Structure Root cap protects tip Quiescent center provides reserve cells Apical meristem adds new cells
Root Structure Root cap protects tip Quiescent center provides reserve cells Apical meristem adds new cells Root hairs take up water & nutrients
Root Structure Root cap protects tip Quiescent center provides reserve cells Apical meristem adds new cells Root hairs take up water & nutrients Casparian strip in endodermis forces all water & solutes to enter cells
Root Structure Casparian strip in endodermis forces all water & solutes to enter cells Apoplast = space between cells
Root Structure Casparian strip in endodermis forces all water & solutes to enter cells Apoplast = space between cells Symplast = cytoplasm (continuous t/o plant through plasmodesmata)
Plant Cell Theory 1) All organisms are composed of one or more cells
Plant Cell Theory 1) All organisms are composed of one or more cells 2) Cell is smallest living organizational unit
Plant Cell Theory 1) All organisms are composed of one or more cells 2) Cell is smallest living organizational unit 3) Cells arise by division of preexisting cells
Plant Cells 1) Highly complex and organized
Plant Cells 1) Highly complex and organized 2) Metabolism
Plant Cells 1) Highly complex and organized 2) Metabolism 3) Reproduction
Plant Cells 1) Highly complex and organized 2) Metabolism 3) Reproduction 4) Heredity
Plant Cells 1) Highly complex and organized 2) Metabolism 3) Reproduction 4) Heredity 5) Mechanically active
Plant Cells 1) Highly complex and organized 2) Metabolism 3) Reproduction 4) Heredity 5) Mechanically active 6) Respond to stimuli
Plant Cells 1) Highly complex and organized 2) Metabolism 3) Reproduction 4) Heredity 5) Mechanically active 6) Respond to stimuli 7) Homeostasis
Plant Cells 1) Highly complex and organized 2) Metabolism 3) Reproduction 4) Heredity 5) Mechanically active 6) Respond to stimuli 7) Homeostasis 8) Very small
Why are cells so small? 1) many things move inside cells by diffusion
Why are cells so small? 1) many things move inside cells by diffusion surface/volume ratio
Why are cells so small? 1) many things move inside cells by diffusion 2) surface/volume ratio surface area increases more slowly than volume
Why are cells so small? 1) many things move inside cells by diffusion 2) surface/volume ratio surface area increases more slowly than volume exchange occurs only at surface eventually have insufficient exchange for survival
Plant Cells Cell walls Carbohydrate barrier surrounding cell
Plant Cells Cell walls Carbohydrate barrier surrounding cell Protects & gives cell shape
Plant Cells Cell walls Carbohydrate barrier surrounding cell Protects & gives cell shape 1˚ wall made first mainly cellulose
Plant Cells Cell walls Carbohydrate barrier surrounding cell Protects & gives cell shape 1˚ wall made first mainly cellulose 2˚ wall made after growth stops
Plant Cells Cell walls Carbohydrate barrier surrounding cell Protects & gives cell shape 1˚ wall made first mainly cellulose 2˚ wall made after growth stops Lignins make it tough
Plant Cells Cell walls Carbohydrate barrier surrounding cell Protects & gives cell shape 1˚ wall made first mainly cellulose 2˚ wall made after growth stops Lignins make it tough Middle lamella = space between 2 cells Plasmodesmata = gaps in walls that link cells
Plant Cells Plasmodesmata = gaps in walls that link cells Lined with plasma membrane
Plant Cells Plasmodesmata = gaps in walls that link cells Lined with plasma membrane Central tubule joins ER of both cells