1. Plan A
Standard lecture course
Plan B
Standard lecture course, except:
Last lectures will be chosen by you -> electives
Last 4 labs will be an independent research project
20% of grade will be “elective”
Paper
Talk
Research proposal
Poster
Exam

2. Plan C
Phytoremediation
Plant products
Biofuels
Effects of seed spacing on seed germination
Effects of nutrient deprivation
Effects of stresses
Climate/CO2 change
Non-coding RNAs
Biotechnology
Plant movements: flytraps, mimosa, soybeans
Carnivorous plants
Stress responses/stress avoidance
Plant signaling (including neurobiology)
Flowering?
Hormones?
Plant pathology?
Plant tropisms and nastic movements
Root growth responses
Metal toxicity?
Circadian rhythms?
Something else? Effects of magnetic fields?

3. Plan C
Pick a problem
Pick some plants to study
Design some experiments
See where they lead us

4. Plan C
Grading?
Combination of papers and presentations
First presentation: 5 points
Research presentation: 10 points
Final presentation: 15 points
Assignments: 5 points each
Poster: 10 points
Intermediate report 10 points
Final report: 30 points
Alternatives
Paper(s) instead of 1 or two presentations
Research proposal instead of a presentation
One or two exams?
Scavenger hunts?

5. Vegetative Plants
3 Parts
Leaf
Stem
Root

6. Vegetative Plants
3 tissue types
Dermal
Ground
Vascular

7. Plant Development
Cell division = growth

8. Plant Development
Cell division = growth
Determination = what cell can become

9. Plant Development
Cell division = growth
Determination = what cell can become
Differentiation = cells become specific types

10. Plant Development
Cell division = growth
Determination = what cell can become
Differentiation = cells become specific types
Pattern formation: developing specific structures in specific locations

11. Plant Development
Cell division = growth
Determination = what cell can become
Differentiation = cells become specific types
Pattern formation
Morphogenesis: organization into tissues & organs

12. Plant Development
umbrella term for many processes
embryogenesis

13. Plant Development
umbrella term for many processes
Embryogenesis
Seed dormancy and germination

14. Plant Development
umbrella term for many processes
Embryogenesis
Seed dormancy and germination
Seedling Morphogenesis

15. Plant Development
umbrella term for many processes
Embryogenesis
Seed dormancy and germination
Seedling Morphogenesis
Transition to flowering, fruit
and seed formation

16. Plant Development
umbrella term for many processes
Embryogenesis
Seed dormancy and germination
Seedling Morphogenesis
Transition to flowering, fruit
and seed formation
Many responses to environment

17. Plant Development
Umbrella term for many processes
Unique features of plant development
Cell walls: can’t move:

18. Plant Development
Umbrella term for many processes
Unique features of plant development
Cell walls: can’t move:
Plants must grow towards/away from signals

19. Plant Development
Umbrella term for many processes
Unique features of plant development
Cell walls: cells can’t move: plants must grow instead
Plasticity: plants develop in
response to environment

20. Unique features of plant development
Cell walls: cells can’t move: plants must grow instead
Plasticity: plants develop in response to environment
Totipotency: most plant cells can form an entire new plant given the correct signals

21. Unique features of plant development
Cell walls: cells can’t move: plants must grow instead
Plasticity: plants develop in response to environment
Totipotency: most plant cells can form an entire new plant given the correct signals
Meristems: plants have perpetually embryonic regions, and can form new ones

22. Unique features of plant development
Cell walls: cells can’t move: plants must grow instead
Plasticity: plants develop in response to environment
Totipotency: most plant cells can form an entire new plant given the correct signals
Meristems: plants have perpetually embryonic regions, and can form new ones
No germ line!

23. Unique features of plant development
Meristems: plants have perpetually embryonic regions, and can form new ones
No germ line! Cells at apical meristem become
flowers

24. Unique features of plant development
Meristems: plants have perpetually embryonic regions, and can form new ones
No germ line! Cells at apical meristem become
flowers: allows Lamarckian evolution!

25. Unique features of plant development
Meristems: plants have perpetually embryonic regions, and can form new ones
No germ line! Cells at apical meristem become
flowers: allows Lamarckian evolution!
Different parts of the same 2000 year old tree have different DNA & form
different gametes

26. Cell walls
Carbohydrate barrier
surrounding cell
Protects & gives cell shape

27. Cell walls
Carbohydrate barrier
surrounding cell
Protects & gives cell shape
1˚ wall made first
mainly cellulose
Can stretch!
2˚ wall made after growth stops
Inside 1˚ wall

28. Cell walls
2˚ wall made after growth stops
Inside 1˚ wall
Lignins make it tough
Problem for "cellulosic
ethanol" from whole plants
Middle lamella = space
between cells

29. Cell walls
2˚ wall made after growth stops
Middle lamella = space
between cells
Plasmodesmata = gaps in walls
that link cells left during
formation of new cell division

30. Cell Walls
Plasmodesmata = gaps in walls that link cells
Lined with plasma membrane
Desmotubule joins ER of both cells
Exclude objects > 1000 Dalton, yet viruses move through them!

31. Cell Contents
Underneath each cell wall plant cells are delimited by a plasma membrane and their interiors are subdivided into numerous membrane-bound
compartments called organelles
Divide work
Reduce limits set by
diffusion

32. Types of Organelles
1) Endomembrane System
2) Putative endosymbionts

33. Endomembrane system
Common features
derived from ER
transport is in vesicles
proteins & lipids are
glycosylated

34. Endomembrane system
Organelles derived from the ER
1) ER
2) Golgi
3) Vacuoles
4) Plasma
Membrane
5) Nuclear
Envelope
6) Endosome
7) Oleosomes

35. ER
Network of membranes t/out cell
2 types: SER & RER

36. SER
tubules that lack ribosomes
fns:
Lipid syn
Steroid syn
drug detox
storing Ca2+
Glycogen
catabolism

37. RER
Flattened membranes studded with ribosomes
1˚ fn = protein synthesis
-> ribosomes are making proteins

38. ER
SER & RER make new membrane!

39. GOLGI COMPLEX
Flattened stacks of membranes made from ER

40. GOLGI COMPLEX
Individual, flattened stacks of membranes made from ER
Fn: “post office”:
collect ER products,
process & deliver them
Altered in each stack

41. GOLGI COMPLEX
Individual, flattened stacks of membranes made from ER
Fn: “post office”:
collect ER products,
process & deliver them
Altered in each stack
Makes most cell wall
carbohydrates!

42. GOLGI COMPLEX
Individual, flattened stacks of membranes made from ER
Fn: “post office”:
collect ER products,
process & deliver them
Altered in each stack
Makes most cell wall
carbohydrates!
Protein’s address is
built in

43. VACUOLES
Derived from Golgi; Fns:
1) digestion
a) Organelles
b) food particles

44. VACUOLES
Derived from Golgi; Fns:
1) digestion
a) Organelles
b) food particles
2) storage

45. VACUOLES
Derived from Golgi; Fns:
1) digestion
a) Organelles
b) food particles
2) storage
3) turgor: push plasma
membrane against
cell wall

46. VACUOLES
Vacuoles are subdivided:
lytic vacuoles are distinct
from storage vacuoles!

47. Endomembrane system
Organelles derived from the ER
1) ER
2) Golgi
3) Vacuoles
4) Plasma
Membrane
Regulates
transport
in/out of cell

48. Endomembrane system
Organelles derived from the ER
1) ER
2) Golgi
3) Vacuoles
4) Plasma
Membrane
Regulates
transport
in/out of cell
Lipids form
barrier
Proteins transport
objects & info

49. Endomembrane System
5) Nuclear envelope: regulates transport in/out of nucleus
Continuous with ER

50. Endomembrane System
5) Nuclear envelope:regulates transport in/out of nucleus
Continuous with ER
Transport is only through nuclear pores

51. Endomembrane System
5) Nuclear envelope:regulates transport in/out of nucleus
Continuous with ER
Transport is only through nuclear pores
Need correct signal
& receptor for import

52. Endomembrane System
5) Nuclear envelope: regulates transport in/out of nucleus
Continuous with ER
Transport is only through nuclear pores
Need correct signal
& receptor for import
new one for export

53. Endomembrane System
Nucleus: spherical organelle bounded by 2 membranes and filled with chromatin = mix of DNA and protein

54. Endomembrane System
Nucleus: spherical organelle bounded by 2 membranes and filled with chromatin
fns = information storage & retrieval
Ribosome assembly (in nucleolus)

55. Endomembrane System
Endosomes: vesicles derived from Golgi or Plasma membrane
Fn: sorting materials
& recycling receptors

56. Endomembrane System
Oleosomes: oil storage bodies derived from SER
Surrounded by lipid monolayer!

57. Endomembrane System
Oleosomes: oil storage bodies derived from SER
Surrounded by lipid monolayer!
filled with lipids: no internal hydrophobic effect!

58. endosymbionts
derived by division of preexisting organelles
no vesicle transport
Proteins & lipids are not glycosylated

59. endosymbionts
derived by division of preexisting organelles
little exchange of membranes with other organelles
1) Peroxisomes (microbodies)

60. Peroxisomes (microbodies)
1 membrane

61. Peroxisomes (microbodies)
found in (nearly) all eukaryotes
1 membrane
Fn:
1) destroy H2O2, other O2-related poisons

62. Peroxisomes
Fn:
destroy H2O2, other O2-related poisons
change fat to CH2O (glyoxysomes)

63. Peroxisomes
Fns:
destroy H2O2, other
O2-related poisons
change fat to CH2O
(glyoxysomes)
Detoxify & recycle
photorespiration products

64. Peroxisomes
Fn:
destroy H2O2, other O2-related poisons
change fat to CH2O (glyoxysomes)
Detoxify & recycle photorespiration products
Destroy EtOH (made in anaerobic roots)

65. Peroxisomes
ER can make peroxisomes under special circumstances!
e.g. peroxisome-less mutants can restore peroxisomes when the wild-type gene is restored

66. endosymbionts
1) Peroxisomes (microbodies)
2) Mitochondria

67. Mitochondria
Bounded by 2 membranes

68. Mitochondria
2 membranes
Smooth OM

69. Mitochondria
2 membranes
Smooth OM
IM folds into cristae

70. Mitochondria
-> 4 compartments
1) OM
2) intermembrane space
3) IM
4) matrix

71. Mitochondria
matrix contains DNA, RNA and ribosomes

72. Mitochondria
matrix contains DNA, RNA and ribosomes
Genomes vary from 100,000 to 2,500,000 bp, but only genes

73. Mitochondria
matrix contains DNA, RNA and ribosomes
Genomes vary from 100,000 to 2,500,000 bp, but only genes
Sometimes mutate to cause cytoplasmic male sterility