1. Kingdom Plantae: Introduction, Structure, and Function

2. Intro Trees, grasses, flowers, ferns, and mosses
Primary producers on earth:
-contribute oxygen, carbon fixation
> 250,000 species
Botany: the study of plants
Classified by their structure
Structure: see figure on page 508
Organelles: see figure on page 508

3. Characteristics: Cell wall: -made of cellulose Primary cell wall:
-first cell wall made, surrounded by a layer of pectins
-forms middle lamella
Secondary cell wall:
-woody plants
-adds more structural support
-contains lignins
Plasmodesmata
-small channels that connect plant cells to one another (share nutrients & water)

4. Vascular and Nonvascular Plants
-use a system on interconnected tubes to transport water and nutrition
-examples: trees, flowers, grasses, bushes, etc.
Xylem: transport water & minerals from roots to rest of the plant
Phloem: transports glucose (nutrition) from photosynthesis to all parts of the plants
Nonvascular plants:
-grow in moist environments, small in size
-no tube network, use diffusion
-examples: mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

5. General Plant Reproduction
Reproduce by spores, seeds, both, or neither
Used to classify plants
Spore
-small, one cell, no protective coating
Seed
-larger, multicellular, protective coating
-contain embryo + endosperm

6. Monocots & Dicots

7. Three General Plant Tissue Types
Parenchyma: unspecialized tissue, found throughout the plant
Collenchyma: thicker primary cell walls, provide structural support
Sclerenchyma: thick secondary cell walls, fill with lignin and become wood
Vegetative organs: roots, stem, leaves
Reproductive organs: flower, cone, etc.

8. Meristem Tissue: Specialized tissue where growth takes place
Tips of roots and stems
Apical meristem = growth in length
Lateral meristem = growth in girth

9. Roots Anchor plant; absorb water and minerals from the soil
Two types of root systems:
taproot – one main root
fibrous – many roots of equal size
Layers:
Epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle
Vascular cambium: contains xylem & phloem

10. Stem
Leaves or branches form at the nodes
Monocot vs. Dicot (page 518)

11. Bark Layers: inner bark, cork cambium, outer bark
Outermost protective layer of woody stems
Growth rings: rings of dead xylem cells; tell age, health, climate

12. Leaves Primary photosynthetic organ of plant
exchange gas, absorb sunlight
Monocot: veins run parallel
Dicot: veins are netted
cuticle: waxy covering, limits water loss
Guard cells close the stomata (openings) to limit water loss

13. Importance of Water in Plants
Necessary for photosynthesis, turgor pressure, hydrolysis, and transport
Turgor pressure: keeps stems upright and leaves full
Water is drawn into the central vacuoles by osmosis
Nastic movements: movement due to changes in plant’s environment as a result of changes in turgor pressure.

14. Water and Transportation
Critical for transport of nutrients and food throughout the plant
Cohesion-tension theory:
water molecules “stick” together
Translocation: movement of
glucose from leaves to rest
of plant