Luther Starts the Reformation Aim: SWBAT: Identify & Evaluate the causes of the Reformation Evaluate the effects of the Reformation (Long term and short term)

I. Causes of the Reformation By 1500 Church had lost its influence on people’s lives. People resented the church for many reasons: High taxes and some of its practices. Popes seemed more concerned with luxury and political power. Local priests were uneducated and living immoral lives The sale of indulgences

In 1517 German Monk, Martin Luther protested a church official Luther wrote the 95 Theses Marked the beginning of the Reformation a movement for reform that led to the founding of new Christian Churches. that was selling indulgences, an act of forgiveness. or formal statements attacking the Church’s pardoning method.

II. Response to Luther Lutheran Church started in 1522. Many Nobles signed agreements to be loyal to the Pope and the Roman Emperor People who opposed this agreement became known as Protestants. Many of Luther’s ideas were being practiced in the

The term Protestant applied to Christians who belonged to non-Catholic churches. Roman Emperor Charles V went to war against the Protestants of Germany. Peace of Augsburg ended the War, stating the religion of each German State would be decided by its Ruler

III. England becomes Protestant King Henry VIII was married and had only daughters to fill his thrown. Henry wanted to annul his marriage but the Catholic Church did not allow him to do this. Annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon to marry Anne Boleyn Catherine of Aragon, died under guard (Mother to Mary I) , Anne Boleyn annulled, and then beheaded (Mother to Elizabeth I), Jane Seymour died post partum complications (Mother to Edward VI), Anne of Cleves annulled - survived, Catherine Howard beheaded, Catherine Parr survived – widowed and remarried Thomas Seymour

C. Church of England making King head of the Church C. Church of England making King head of the Church. - Parliament was known as the Reformation Parliament. D. Elizabeth I, became queen in 1558 - English church called the Anglican Church. E. Protestant, but allowed Catholic religious symbols – reduced religious conflict Henry had Parliament pass laws creating a new Church of England making King head of the Church. Parliament was known as the Reformation Parliament.

The Reformation Continues What conditions in the R.C.C. encouraged the desire of people like Luther to call for reform? Why did Luther object to the selling of indulgences?

IV. Calvin Spread the Reformation John Calvin (French theologian/ moves to Switzerland) The religion based of Calvin’s teachings became known as Calvinism. Taught Predestination- God determines before hand who will be saved.

Calvin created a theocracy in Switzerland, Government was run by religious leaders. Followers of Calvin’s beliefs spread to other countries in Europe: John Knox - Scotland - Presbyterian church France – Huguenot Another Protestant group - Anabaptists. Believed people should be baptized into the church as adults. Believed the Church and State should be separate.

Why would Luther have objected to Calvin’s belief of predestination? How much of a role did religious issues play in Henry’s decision to found his own church?

V. Catholic Reformation To keep the Catholic believers loyal the Catholic Church took steps to change itself. This was called the Catholic Reformation. 1545 Pope Paul III organized a meeting of Church leaders called the Council of Trent. Three doctrines were passed during the meeting: Church’s interpretation of the Bible is final. Bible and the Church had equal authority in setting Christian beliefs. Indulgences were valid expressions of faith

E. The Jesuits started schools in many areas of Europe. Ignatius of Loyola found a new group based on a strong devotion to Jesus called the Jesuits. E. The Jesuits started schools in many areas of Europe. Sent out missionaries to convert non- Christians to Catholicism. Stopped the spread of Protestantism to many areas of Germany.

Describe the effect Martin Luther, John Calvin, Elizabeth I and Ignatius Loyola had on political and religious unity in Europe