Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (5th Ed) Chapter 7 States of Consciousness James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers

States of Consciousness our awareness of ourselves and our environments Fantasy Prone Personality imagines and recalls experiences with lifelike vividness spends considerable time fantasizing

Sleep and Dreams Circadian rhythm the biological clock regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24 hour cycle wakefulness body temperature

Sleep and Dreams REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep recurring sleep stage vivid dreams paradoxical sleep muscles are generally relaxed, but other body systems are active

Brain Waves and Sleep Stages Alpha Waves slow waves of a relaxed, awake brain Delta Waves large, slow waves of deep sleep Hallucinations false sensory experiences

Typical Nightly Sleep Stages 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Sleep stages Awake Hours of sleep REM

Typical Nightly Sleep Stages Hours of sleep Minutes of Stage 4 and REM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 15 20 25 Decreasing Stage 4 Increasing

Sleep Deprivation Effects of Sleep Loss fatigue impaired concentration immune suppression irritability slowed performance accidents planes autos and trucks

Sleep Deprivation Accident frequency Spring time change 2,400 2,700 2,600 2,500 2,800 Spring time change (hour sleep loss) 3,600 4,200 4000 3,800 Fall time change (hour sleep gained) Less sleep, more accidents More sleep, fewer accidents Monday before time change Monday after time change Accident frequency

Sleep Disorders Insomnia Narcolepsy persistent problems in falling or staying asleep Narcolepsy uncontrollable sleep attacks

Sleep Disorders Sleep Apnea Night Terrors cessation of breathing often associated with snoring repeatedly awakes sufferer Night Terrors high arousal- appearance of being terrified usually in Stage 4, within 2-3 hours of falling asleep

Night Terrors and Nightmares Sleep stages Night Terrors occur within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep during Stage 4 Nightmares occur toward morning during REM sleep Awake 1 2 3 REM 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hours of sleep

Dreams- Freud Sigmund Freud- The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) wish fulfillment discharge otherwise unacceptable feelings Manifest Content remembered story line Latent Content underlying, uncensored meaning

Dreams Information Processing REM Rebound helps consolidate day’s memories stimulates neural development REM Rebound REM sleep increases following REM sleep deprivation

Hypnosis Hypnosis a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts or behaviors will spontaneously occur a relaxed state

Hypnosis Posthypnotic Amnesia Suggestibility supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion Suggestibility related to subject’s openness to suggestion ability to focus attention inwardly ability to become imaginatively absorbed

Hypnosis Memory sometimes a relaxed, focused state can improve recall “hypnotically refreshed” memories are unreliable false memories or pseudomemories can be implanted intentionally unintentionally

Hypnosis Unhypnotized persons can also do this

Hypnosis Orne & Evans (1965) Posthypnotic Suggestion control group instructed to “pretend” unhypnotized subjects performed the same acts as the hypnotized ones Posthypnotic Suggestion suggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized used by some clinicians to control undesired symptoms and behaviors

Hypnosis and Pain Dissociation Hidden Observer a split in consciousness allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others Hidden Observer Hilgard’s term describing a hypnotized subject’s awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go unreported during hypnosis

Drugs and Consciousness Psychoactive Drug a chemical substance that alters perceptions and alters mood Physical Dependence physiological need for a drug marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms Psychological Dependence a psychological need to use a drug for example, to relieve negative emotions

Dependence Tolerance Withdrawal need for progressively larger doses to achieve same effect Withdrawal discomfort and distress with discontinued use After repeated exposure, more drug is needed to produce same effect Drug dose Drug effect Response to first exposure

Psychoactive Drugs Stimulants Depressants drugs that reduce neural activity slow body function alcohol, barbiturates, opiates Stimulants drugs that excite neural activity speed up body function caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines

Psychoactive Drugs Hallucinogens psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input LSD

Psychoactive Drugs Barbiturates drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement

Psychoactive Drugs Opiates opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin) opiates depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

Psychoactive Drugs Amphetamines drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes

Cocaine Euphoria and Crash

Psychoactive Drugs LSD THC lysergic acid diethylamide a powerful hallucinogenic drug also known as acid THC the major active ingredient in marijuana triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations

Trends in Drug Use ‘76 ‘78 ‘80 ‘82 ‘84 ‘86 ‘88 ‘90 ‘92 ‘94 ‘96 10 20 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Year Percentage of high school seniors reporting use Alcohol Marijuana/ hashish Cocaine

Near Death Experiences an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death often similar to drug-induced hallucinations

Near Death Experiences Dualism the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact Monism the presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing