1. Waking and Sleeping Rhythms

2. Waking Consciousness  Consciousness  our awareness of ourselves and our environments

3. Levels of Consciousness zPreconscious yNot aware of information/memory but you can recall it if necessary zUnconscious/subconscious yInformation is not at all accessible yFreudian idea

4. Theories of Sleep zRestorative Theory yWhy do we sleep? zPreservation and Protection Theory z(a.k.a. Adaptive Non-Responding Theory) yWhy do we sleep at night? zMemory Consolidation Theory yWhat happens when we sleep?

5. Biological Components of Sleep zBrain zNeurotransmitters zHormones

6. Sleep and Dreams  Biological Rhythms  periodic physiological fluctuations  Circadian Rhythm  the biological clock  regular bodily rhythms, such as of wakefulness and body temperature, that occur on a 24-hr. 11 min.cycle

7. Sleep and Dreams  REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep  recurring sleep stage  vivid dreams  “paradoxical sleep”  muscles are generally relaxed, but other body systems are active  Sleep  periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness

8. Sleep Across the Lifespan

9. Sleep and Dreams  Measuring sleep activity

10. Brain Waves and Sleep Stages  Alpha Waves  slow waves of a relaxed, awake brain  Delta Waves  large, slow waves of deep sleep  Hallucinations  false sensory experiences

11. Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep 01234567 4 3 2 1 Sleep stages Awake Hours of sleep REM

12. Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep Hours of sleep Minutes of Stage 4 and REM 12 34 5678 0 10 15 20 25 5 Decreasing Stage 4 Increasing REM

13. Sleep Deprivation  Effects of Sleep Loss  fatigue  impaired concentration  depressed immune system  greater vulnerability to accidents

14. Sleep Deprivation 2,400 2,700 2,600 2,500 2,800 Spring time change (hour sleep loss) 3,600 4,200 4000 3,800 Fall time change (hour sleep gained) Less sleep, more accidents More sleep, fewer accidents Monday before time changeMonday after time change Accident frequency

15. Sleep Disorders  Insomnia  persistent problems in falling or staying asleep  Narcolepsy  uncontrollable sleep attacks  Sleep Apnea  temporary cessation of breathing during sleep  momentary reawakenings

16. Sleep Disorders zREM sleep behavior disorder: when a person moves during REM sleep – this can be harmful… zSomnambulism: sleepwalking zSomniloquy: “ talking in one’s sleep, with no subsequent recall” Sullivan zHypersomnia: “ getting or needing too much sleep, sometimes to point of impairing day to day functioning” Sullivan

17. DREAMS zDo dreams have meaning?

18. Dream Theories zFreud’s Wish Fulfillment Theory zActivation-Synthesis Theory (Hobson & McCarley) zMemory Consolidation Theory

19. Dreams: Freud  Dreams  sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind  hallucinatory imagery  discontinuities  incongruities  delusional acceptance of the content  difficulties remembering

20. Dreams: Freud  Sigmund Freud--The Interpretation of Dreams (1900)  wish fulfillment  discharge otherwise unacceptable feelings  Manifest Content  remembered story line  Latent Content  underlying meaning

21. Activation-Synthesis Theory zDuring REM sleep – random neural stimulation (activation) takes place & then our brains create a story (synthesis)…

22. Night Terrors and Nightmares  Night Terrors  occur within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, usually during Stage 4  high arousal-- appearance of being terrified  seldom remembered 01234567 4 3 2 1 Sleep stages Awake Hours of sleep REM

23. Memory Consolidation zOur brains process information during REM sleep

24. Dreams  As Information Processing  helps facilitate memories  As a Physiological Function  periodic brain stimulation  REM Rebound  REM sleep increases following REM sleep deprivation

25. Information YOU need to obtain from Myers/Sullivan: zStages of Sleep -5 stages yWhat happens in each stage for how long?, Types of waves?, Types of behaviors? yREM Rebound & Paradoxical sleep zDrugs yDifferences between categories – example: amphetamines vs. barbituates yparadoxical effects of alcohol, addiction, tolerance, withdrawal zHypnosis yWhat does it do and not do? Placebo Effect? yNeo-Dissociative Theory, “the hidden observer”, post hypnotic suggestion,