1. Drugs and Consciousness
Chapter 7
Drugs and Consciousness

2. Drugs and Consciousness
Psychoactive Drug
a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood
Physical Dependence
physiological need for a drug
marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms
Psychological Dependence
a psychological need to use a drug
for example, to relieve negative emotions

3. Dependence and Addiction
Small
Large
Drug dose
Little
effect
Big
Drug
Response to
first exposure
After repeated
exposure, more
drug is needed
to produce
same effect
Tolerance
diminishing effect with regular use
Withdrawal
discomfort and distress that follow discontinued use

4. Psychoactive Drugs Depressants drugs that reduce neural activity
alcohol, barbiturates, opiates
slow body functions

5. Psychoactive Drugs Alcohol Barbiturates
affects motor skills, judgement, and memory
reduces self awareness
Barbiturates
drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement

6. Psychoactive Drugs Opiates
opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin)
opiates depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety
highly addictive

7. Psychoactive Drugs Stimulants drugs that excite neural activity
caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine
speed up body functions

8. Psychoactive Drugs Amphetamines
drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

9. Psychoactive Drugs Cocaine
effects depend on dosage, form, expectations, personality and situation
coca leaves
powder
crack

10. Cocaine Euphoria and Crash

11. Psychoactive Drugs Ecstasy MDMA (methylenedioxymethamphetamine)
stimulant and mild hallucinogen
dangerous short and long term effects

12. Psychoactive Drugs Hallucinogens
psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
LSD
MDMA (Ecstasy)

13. Psychoactive Drugs LSD THC lysergic acid diethylamide
a powerful hallucinogenic drug
also known as acid
THC
the major active ingredient in marijuana
triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations

14. Psychoactive Drugs

15. Trends in Drug Use

16. Perceived Marijuana Risk

17. Near-Death Experiences
an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death
often similar to drug-induced hallucinations

18. Near-Death Experiences
Dualism
the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact
Monism
the presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing