1. States of Consciousness
Unit V
States of Consciousness
Waking Consciousness
Sleep and Dreams
Hypnosis
Drugs

2. Waking Consciousness Consciousness
our awareness of ourselves and our environments
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3. Sleep and Dreams Biological Rhythms Circadian Rhythm
periodic physiological fluctuations
Circadian Rhythm
the biological clock
regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle, such as of wakefulness and body temperature

4. Sleep and Dreams Sleep REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep
periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness
REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep
recurring sleep stage
vivid dreams
“paradoxical sleep”
muscles are generally relaxed, but other body systems are active

5. Sleep and Dreams
Measuring sleep activity

6. Brain Waves and Sleep Stages
Alpha Waves
slow waves of a relaxed, awake brain
Delta Waves
large, slow waves of deep sleep
GWbs

7. Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Sleep
stages
Awake
Hours of sleep
REM

8. Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep
Hours of sleep
Minutes of
Stage 4 and
REM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 15 20 25
Decreasing
Stage 4
Increasing

9. Sleep Deprivation Effects of Sleep Loss fatigue impaired concentration
depressed immune system
greater vulnerability to accidents
(Nightline: Circadian sleep disorders)

10. Sleep Disorders Insomnia Narcolepsy: Sleep Apnea
persistent problems in falling or staying asleep
Narcolepsy:
uncontrollable sleep attack
Sleep Apnea
temporary cessation of breathing
momentary reawakenings

11. Night Terrors and Nightmares1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Sleep
stages
Awake
Hours of sleep
REM
Night Terrors
occur within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, usually during Stage 4
high arousal-- appearance of being terrified

12. SLEEP PARALYSIS
A phenomenon in which a person, either falling asleep or awakening, temporarily experiences an inability to move, speak or react; transitional state between wakefulness and sleep often accompanied by terrifying hallucinations.
One theory is that it results from disrupted REM sleep, which normally induces complete muscle atonia to prevent the sleeper from acting out his or her dreams.
Sleep paralysis has been linked to disorders such as narcolepsy, migraines, anxiety disorders, and obstructive sleep apnea; however, it can also occur in isolation.[1][2]

13. Sleep Across the Lifespan

14. Dreams: Freud
Dreams
sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind
hallucinatory imagery
discontinuities
incongruities
delusional acceptance of the content
difficulties remembering

15. DREAM MYTHS All dreams are subconscious wishes: Even Freud didn’t believe this completely-he said some war dreams were fear enactments. All men’s dreams are sexual: A classic study by Calvin Hall and Robert Van de Castle at Miami’s Institute of Dream Research found that only 12 percent of male dreams have sexual content. Dreams cannot predict illness: Michigan State Psychologist Robert Smith found that among 49 patients about to undergo heart catheterization, men who dreamed of death and women who dreamed of separation became sicker than those who did not Dream Symbols have universal meanings: No says experimental psychologist Tore Nielsen, “Dream dictionaries are dumb.” You dream only in black and white: Most people dream in color. You dream only in REM sleep: Dreams last longer and are more vivid in REM sleep but are scattered throughout sleep. Food can’t give you nightmares: Almost anything can affect dreams. Pressure on the leg during sleep can elicit dreams of “strong presences”, perhaps explaining visitations by angels. BBC documentary: Dream Interpretation

16. Dreams: Freud Sigmund Freud--The Interpretation of Dreams (1900)
wish fulfillment
discharge otherwise unacceptable feelings
Manifest Content
remembered story line
Latent Content
underlying meaning
LUCID DREAMS: Dreams in which one is aware while dreaming and appears to have some control over dream content
(TedTalk- Tim Post, Snoozon)

17. Hypnosis Hypnosis Posthypnotic Amnesia
a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur
Posthypnotic Amnesia
supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis
induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion

18. A STRENGTH OR WEAKNESS OF MIND?
Hypnosis
Orne & Evans (1965)
control group instructed to “pretend”
unhypnotized subjects performed the same acts as the hypnotized ones
Posthypnotic Suggestion
suggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized
used by some clinicians to control undesired symptoms and behaviors
DOES HYPNOSIS REFLECT
A STRENGTH OR WEAKNESS OF MIND?

19. Hypnosis Dissociation Hidden Observer a split in consciousness
allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others
Hidden Observer
Hilgard’s term describing a hypnotized subject’s awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go unreported during hypnosis
Separation of awareness (selective attention and conscious/subconscious…)

20. Explaining Hypnosis

21. Drugs and Consciousness
Psychoactive Drug
a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood
Physical Dependence: BODY NEEDS IT
physiological need for a drug
marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms
Psychological Dependence: MIND NEEDS IT
a psychological need to use a drug
for example, to relieve negative emotions

22. Dependence and Addiction
Small
Large
Drug dose
Little
effect
Big
Drug
Response to
first exposure
After repeated
exposure, more
drug is needed
to produce
same effect
Tolerance
diminishing effect with regular use
Withdrawal
discomfort and distress that follow discontinued use
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23. Psychoactive Drugs Depressants Stimulants
drugs that reduce neural activity
slow body functions
alcohol, barbiturates, opiates
Stimulants
drugs that excite neural activity
speed up body functions
caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine

24. Psychoactive Drugs Hallucinogens
psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
LSD

25. Psychoactive Drugs Barbiturates
drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment

26. Psychoactive Drugs Opiates
opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin)
opiates depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

27. Psychoactive Drugs Amphetamines
drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

28. Cocaine Euphoria and Crash

29. Psychoactive Drugs Ecstasy (MDMA) LSD THC
synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen
both short-term and long-term health risks
LSD
lysergic acid diethylamide
a powerful hallucinogenic drug
also known as acid
THC
the major active ingredient in marijuana
triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations

30. Psychoactive Drugs

31. Trends in Drug Use Year 80% 70 60 50 High school seniors 40 reporting
‘77 ‘79 ‘81 ‘83 ‘85 ‘87 ‘89 ‘91 ‘93 ‘95 ‘97 ‘99
Year
80% 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
High school
seniors
reporting
drug use
Alcohol
Marijuana/
hashish
Cocaine

32. Perceived Marijuana Risk
‘75 ‘77 ‘79 ‘81 ‘83 ‘85 ‘87 ‘89 ‘91 ‘93 ‘95 ‘97 ‘99
Year
100% 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
Percent of
twelfth
graders
Perceived “great risk of
harm” in marijuana use
Used marijuana

33. Near-Death Experiences
-an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death
-often similar to drug- induced hallucinations

34. Near-Death Experiences
Dualism
the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact
Monism
the presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing