1. Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 7 States of Consciousness

2. Waking Consciousness  Consciousness  our awareness of ourselves and our environments

3. Sleep and Dreams  Biological Rhythms  periodic physiological fluctuations  Circadian Rhythm  the biological clock  regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle, such as of wakefulness and body temperature

4. Circadian Rhythm zAny rhythmic change that continues at close to a 24-hour cycle in the absence of 24-hour cues ybody temperature ycortisol secretion ysleep and wakefulness zIn the absence of time cues, the cycle period will become somewhat longer than 24 hours

5. Functions of Sleep zRestoration theory - body wears out during the day and sleep is necessary to put it back in shape zPreservation and protection theory - sleep emerged in evolution to preserve energy and protect during the time of day when there is little value and considerable danger

6. Sleep and Dreams  REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep  recurring sleep stage  vivid dreams  “paradoxical sleep”  muscles are generally relaxed, but other body systems are active  Sleep  periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness

7. Brain Waves and Sleep Stages  Alpha Waves  slow waves of a relaxed, awake brain  Delta Waves  large, slow waves of deep sleep  Hallucinations  false sensory experiences

8. Stages of Sleep

9. Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep 01234567 4 3 2 1 Sleep stages Awake Hours of sleep REM

10. Sleep Deprivation  Effects of Sleep Loss  fatigue  impaired concentration  depressed immune system  greater vulnerability to accidents

11. Sleep Disorders  Insomnia  persistent problems in falling or staying asleep zSomnambulism ysleepwalking zNight terrors ysudden arousal from sleep and intense fear accompanied by physiological reactions (e.g., rapid heart rate, perspiration) that occur during slow-wave sleep  Narcolepsy  uncontrollable sleep attacks  Sleep Apnea  temporary cessation of breathing  momentary reawakenings

12. Dreams  Dreams  sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind  hallucinatory imagery  discontinuities  incongruities  delusional acceptance of the content  difficulties remembering

13. Dreams and REM Sleep zEveryone dreams several times a night ytrue dream - vivid, detailed dreams consisting of sensory and motor sensations experienced during REM ysleep thought - lacks vivid sensory and motor sensations, is more similar to daytime thinking, and occurs during slow-wave sleep

14. Theories about why we dream zFreud yFulfill our needs yFulfillment zCartwright ySolve problems yProblem solving view Hobson & McCarley yCreate stories to make sense of our emotions and thoughts yActivation – synthesis model

15. Hypnosis  Hypnosis  a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur  Posthypnotic Amnesia  supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis  induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion

16. Hypnosis  Orne & Evans (1965)  control group instructed to “pretend”  unhypnotized subjects performed the same acts as the hypnotized ones  Posthypnotic Suggestion  suggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized  used by some clinicians to control undesired symptoms and behaviors

17. Drugs and Consciousness  Psychoactive Drug  a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood  Physical Dependence  physiological need for a drug  marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms  Psychological Dependence  a psychological need to use a drug  for example, to relieve negative emotions

18. Dependence and Addiction  Tolerance  diminishing effect with regular use  Withdrawal  discomfort and distress that follow discontinued use Small Large Drug dose Little effect Big effect Drug effect Response to first exposure After repeated exposure, more drug is needed to produce same effect

19. Psychoactive Drugs  Depressants  drugs that reduce neural activity  slow body functions  alcohol, barbiturates, opiates  Stimulants  drugs that excite neural activity  speed up body functions  caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine

20. Psychoactive Drugs  Hallucinogens  psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input  LSD

21. Psychoactive Drugs  Barbiturates  drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement

22. Psychoactive Drugs  Opiates  opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin)  opiates depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

23. Psychoactive Drugs  Amphetamines  drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

24. Cocaine Euphoria and Crash

25. Psychoactive Drugs  Ecstasy (MDMA)  synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen  both short-term and long-term health risks  LSD  lysergic acid diethylamide  a powerful hallucinogenic drug  also known as acid  THC  the major active ingredient in marijuana  triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations

26. Psychoactive Drugs

27. Perceived Marijuana Risk ‘75 ‘77 ‘79 ‘81 ‘83 ‘85 ‘87 ‘89 ‘91 ‘93 ‘95 ‘97 ‘99 Year 100% 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Percent of twelfth graders Perceived “great risk of harm” in marijuana use Used marijuana

28. Near-Death Experiences  Near-Death Experience  an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death  often similar to drug- induced hallucinations