1. Hypnosis

2. A social interaction in which a hypnotist makes suggestions about perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors, and the subject follows those suggestions

3. Social Influence Theory Theory that powerful social influences produce a state of hypnosis. This theory notes that a person’s physiological state does not change under hypnosis. Social factors influence people to believe hypnosis will work.

4. What is Hypnosis?: Divided Consciousness Theory

5. Divided Consciousness Theory Theory that during hypnosis our consciousness splits so that one aspect of consciousness is not aware of the role that other parts are playing. Promoted by Ernest Hilgard (1904-2001)

6. Hypnotic Techniques

7. Hypnotic Induction The process by which a hypnotist creates a state of hypnosis in a subject Usually done by voicing a series of suggestions Voice is usually calm and of a rhythmic tone

8. Hypnotizability Differences in the ability of people to become hypnotized Varies from person to person Varies from situation to situation

9. Hypnotizability

10. Limits to Hypnotic Suggestions Suggestions usually involve sensations, thoughts, emotions, and a wide variety of behaviors. Hypnosis does not cause behaviors. Hypnosis can lead people to certain behaviors but so can ordinary suggestions.

11. Posthypnotic Suggestions Hypnotic suggestion that the subject will carry out after the hypnosis session has ended Technique can be used to encourage helpful behavior changes, such as stopping smoking or losing weight.

12. Hypnotic Amnesia Inability to remember what happened during hypnosis because the hypnotist suggests that the subject will have no memory of that period of time

13. Applications of Hypnosis: Hypnosis and Pain Control

14. Pain and Hypnosis Hypnosis does work as a means to control pain. Has a number of practical applications

15. Drugs

16. Psychoactive Drug Chemical substance that alters perceptions, mood, or behavior Three common psychoactive drugs: –Caffeine –Alcohol –Nicotine Induce an altered state of consciousness

17. Dependence State of physiological, psychological or both types of need to take more of a drug after continued use. Withdrawal follows if the drug is discontinued

18. Withdrawal Discomfort and distress that follow when a person who is dependent on a drug discontinues the use of that drug Withdrawal symptoms are usually the reverse of the drug’s effects.

19. Tolerance Reduced responsiveness to a drug, prompting the user to larger dosages to achieve the same pleasurable effects previously obtained by lower doses

20. Tolerance

21. Alcohol: A Depressant

22. Depressants Drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functioning Includes alcohol and sedatives

23. Alcohol (ethyl alcohol) Found in beer, wine, and liquor The second most used psychoactive drug (caffeine first) Slows thinking, and impairs physical activity

24. Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) A measure of how much alcohol is in a person’s bloodstream BAC of.08 considered legal intoxication in most states

25. Euphoric Affects of Alcohol Alcohol impairs the parts of the brain responsible for controlling inhibitions and making judgments

26. Alcohol, Memory, and Sleep Studies have shown that alcohol impairs memory by suppressing the processing of events into long term memory. Alcohol impairs REM sleep, further disrupting memory storage.

27. Alcoholism

28. Stimulants

29. Drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions Include: caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine

30. Caffeine Stimulant found in coffee, chocolate, tea, and some soft drinks Provides user with a sense of increased energy, mental alertness, and forced wakefulness Blocks neurological receptor sites that, if activated, sedate the central nervous system

31. Nicotine Stimulant found in tobacco Effects similar to those of caffeine Very addictive and does not stay in the body very long

32. Cocaine Stimulant derived from leaves of the coca plant Crack – cocaine crystals Blocks the reuptake of certain neurotransmitters Dependency is quick and severe; places extreme strain on cardiovascular system

33. Amphetamines Drugs that stimulate neural activity, speeding up body functions Include increased energy and mood changes Includes: speed, uppers, and methamphetamines Mimic adrenaline Can cause irreversible changes in mood

34. Hallucinogens

35. Psychedelic drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input Include: LSD and ecstasy Sometimes called “psychedelics” meaning mind-manifesting

36. Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) Powerful hallucinogenic drug Also known as “acid” The effects vary from person to person Users can be dangerous to themselves and others.

37. Ecstasy Hallucinogenic drug that produces lower inhibitions, pleasant feelings, and greater acceptance of others Also called MDMA Even moderate users may experience permanent brain damage.

38. Marijuana

39. Leaves, stems, resin, and flowers form the hemp plant that, when smoked, lower inhibitions and produce feelings of relaxation and mild euphoria THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) is the active ingredient Disrupts memory; lung damage from smoke

40. 10 mg of Caffeine