1. States of Consciousness

2. Waking Consciousness Consciousness Biological Rhythms Circadian Rhythm
our awareness of ourselves and our environments
Biological Rhythms
Circadian Rhythm
the biological clock

3. Sleep and Dreams REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep Sleep
recurring sleep stage
vivid dreams
“paradoxical sleep”
Sleep
periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness

4. Brain Waves and Sleep Stages
Alpha Waves
slow waves of a relaxed, awake brain
Delta Waves
large, slow waves of deep sleep
Hallucinations
false sensory experiences

5. Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Sleep
stages
Awake
Hours of sleep
REM

6. Circadian Rhythm

7. Sleep Deprivation Effects of Sleep Loss fatigue impaired concentration
depressed immune system
greater vulnerability to accidents

8. Sleep Deprivation Spring time change (hour sleep loss)
2,400
2,700
2,600
2,500
2,800
Spring time change
(hour sleep loss)
3,600
4,200
4000
3,800
Fall time change
(hour sleep gained)
Less sleep,
more accidents
More sleep,
fewer accidents
Monday before time change
Monday after time change
Accident
frequency

9. Sleep Disorders Insomnia Narcolepsy Sleep Apnea
persistent problems in falling or staying asleep
Narcolepsy
uncontrollable sleep attacks
Sleep Apnea
temporary cessation of breathing during sleep
momentary reawakenings

10. Night Terrors and Nightmares1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Sleep
stages
Awake
Hours of sleep
REM
Night Terrors
occur within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, usually during Stage 4
high arousal-- appearance of being terrified
seldom remembered

11. Dreams: Sigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud--The Interpretation of Dreams (1900)
wish fulfillment
discharge otherwise unacceptable feelings
Manifest Content
remembered story line
Latent Content
underlying meaning

12. Dreams: Freud
Dreams
sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind
hallucinatory imagery
discontinuities
incongruities
delusional acceptance of the content
difficulties remembering

13. Dreams As Information Processing As a Physiological Function
helps facilitate memories
As a Physiological Function
periodic brain stimulation
REM Rebound
REM sleep increases following REM sleep deprivation

14. Sleep Across the Lifespan

15. Hypnosis
Hypnosis
a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

16. Hypnosis Posthypnotic Amnesia
supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis
induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion

17. Hypnosis - Research Orne & Evans (1965)
hypnotized group told to dip hand in fake acid, then throw the “acid” in assistant’s face
control group instructed to “pretend”
unhypnotized subjects performed the same acts as the hypnotized ones

18. Hypnosis Posthypnotic Suggestion
suggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized
used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors

19. Hypnosis Dissociation Hidden Observer a split in consciousness
allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others
Hidden Observer
Hilgard’s term describing a hypnotized subject’s awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go unreported during hypnosis

20. Drugs and Consciousness
Psychoactive Drug
a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood
Physical Dependence
physiological need for a drug
marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms
Psychological Dependence
a psychological need to use a drug
for example, to relieve negative emotions

21. Dependence and Addiction
Small
Large
Drug dose
Little
effect
Big
Drug
Response to
first exposure
After repeated
exposure, more
drug is needed
to produce
same effect
Tolerance
diminishing effect with regular use
Withdrawal
discomfort and distress that follow discontinued use

22. Psychoactive Drugs Depressants – reduce neural activity
Alcohol
Barbituates
Opiates
Stimulants – excite neural activity
Caffeine
Nicotine
Amphetamines
Cocaine

23. Cocaine Euphoria and Crash

24. Hallucinogens – psychedelic drugs
Psychoactive Drugs
Hallucinogens – psychedelic drugs
LSD
Ecstasy
THC

25. Psychoactive Drugs

26. Near-Death Experiences
an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death
often similar to drug-induced hallucinations

27. Near-Death Experiences
Dualism
the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact
Monism
the presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing