1. States of Consciousness
Chapter 5

2. The Sleep Cycle
Circadian Rhythm: Regular bodily rhythm that occurs on a 24-hour cycle
Occurs in five stages
Stage 1
Brief
May experience hallucinations or falling sensation

3. Stage 2
About 20 minutes
Characterized by periodic bursts of rapid, rhythmic brainwave activity
Stage 3
Brief, transitional

4. Stage 4
Brain emits large, slow delta waves
About 30 minutes
Hard to awaken
Leave non-REM sleep and ascend through Stages 3 and 2

5. REM sleep - rapid eye movement sleep
Rapid, irregular breathing and eye movements
Vivid dreams commonly occur
Essentially paralyzed

6. Sleep Cycle -cont- Repeats itself about every 90 minutes
Stage 4 gets briefer and REM and Stage 2 periods get longer

7. Functions of Sleep Protection Restores and repairs brain tissue
Restores and rebuilds memories
Feeds creativity
Growth

8. Problems of Sleep Deprivation
Can cause
Irritability
Slowed performance and reaction time
Impaired creativity, concentration and communication
Weight gain
Illness
Chronic sleep debt changes metabolic and hormonal functioning to mimic aging

9. Sleep Disorders Insomnia Narcolepsy - uncontrollable sleep attacks
Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep
Effects 1/10 adults
Treated with better sleep habits and prescription drugs
Narcolepsy - uncontrollable sleep attacks
Sleep attacks usually last less than 5 minutes
Effects 1/2000
Treated with prescription drugs

10. Sleep apnea - breathing temporarily stops during sleep
Associated with obesity
Effects 1/20
Treated with a CPAP air machine
Night terrors - occur during Stage 4 sleep
Child usually has no recollection of this happening and it disappears w/age

11. Why do we dream? To satisfy our own wishes To file away memories
Freud’s belief; not accepted by most psychologists
To file away memories
To develop and preserve neural pathways
To reflect cognitive development

12. Hypnosis 20% of population is highly hypnotizable Hypnosis cannot:
Enhance recall of forgotten events
Force people to act against their will
Help drug or alcohol addictions
Hypnosis can:
Help headaches, asthma, obesity and stress related skin disorders
Relieve pain

13. Drugs and Consciousness
Misconceptions about addiction
Addictive drugs do not quickly corrupt
Addictions can be overcome voluntarily

14. Psychoactive Drugs
Depressants – drugs that calm neural activity and slow body functions
Alcohol, barbiturates, opiates
Stimulants – temporarily excite neural activity and arouse body functions
Caffeine, meth, nicotine, cocaine, ecstasy

15. Hallucinogens – distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
LSD, Ecstasy, marijuana

16. Influences on Drug Use Biological predisposition Psychological factors
Feeling that life is meaningless
Significant stress or depression
Social influences
Barron environment – nothing else to do
Access to plentiful, cheap drug supply
Access to money