Linguistics 1, Summer 2015 Some topics for review

Topics Whorf Hypothesis Syntactic types and “headedness” Phonetics: Consonants Phonetics: Vowels English vowel changes Comparative Method and Mass Comparison Critical age and sources of adult errors in second language acquisition Inflection vs. derivation

The Whorf Hypothesis (1) Here are shown the different ways in which English and Nootka formulate the same event. The English sentence is divisible into subject and pre-dicate, the Nootka sentence is not, yet it is complete and logical. Furthermore, the Nootka sentence is just one word, consisting of the root tl’imish with five suffixes. What is the claim that Whorf would make about these linguistic differences? The differences in the cultures lead to the linguistic differences. English and Nootka speakers must see events in different ways. Languages can differ greatly in grammatical structures. English and Nootka societies organize social events differently.

The Whorf Hypothesis (2) Here are shown the different ways in which English and Nootka formulate the same event. The English sentence is divisible into subject and pre-dicate, the Nootka sentence is not, yet it is complete and logical. Furthermore, the Nootka sentence is just one word, consisting of the root tl’imish with five suffixes. What is the weak spot in claim that Whorf is making? Different social organization leads to different language structures. Whorf would have no idea what goes on in Nootka heads. The only evidence that Nootka and English speakers view the event differently is differences in linguistic structures. It is obvious that English and Nootka speakers do NOT think differently.

Word Order and Heads of Phrases What is the sentence word order type? Which phrasal orders are consistent with this?

Articulatory Phonetics: Consonants Movie http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/schuh/lx001/Discussion/articulatory_Cs.html Articulatory Phonetics: Consonants List of topics

Select the correct description for the consonant depicted in each diagram. (1) (2) (3) voiceless labiodental fricative voiced velar stop voiceless alveolar stop voiceless (inter)dental fricative voiced alveolar nasal voiced alveolar fricative List of topics

Select the correct description for the consonant depicted in each diagram. (4) (5) (6) voiceless labiodental fricative voiced velar stop voiceless alveolar stop voiceless (inter)dental fricative voiced dental nasal voiced alveolar fricative List of topics

Articulatory Phonetics: Vowels Movie Articulatory Phonetics: Vowels List of topics

Match the phonetic vowel symbols in the table with the pronounced vowels in the words. fleck lack lake leak lick like lock Loke (a Cantonese name) look lout luck L. Luke List of topics

Vowels and Spelling (1) What is the vowel sound found in all these words? [i] [ı] [e] [ɛ] [ay]

Vowels and Spelling (2) What is the vowel sound found in all these words? [u] [ʊ] [o] [ɔ] [aw]

English Vowels (1) Why are the vowels in Column 1 different from the vowels in Columns 2 & 3? The words in Column 1 are unrelated to the others Those in Column 1 are native, the others are borrowed Those in Column 1 underwent a different sound change from the others Sounds in words change in random fashion

English Vowels (2) Why does English pronounce the vowels Column 1 differently from those in French, but the same in Column 2? Those in Column 1 underwent a change in English that those in Column 2 did not English and French underwent different sound changes Those in Column 1 reflect the French pronunciation at the time they were borrowed Sounds in words change in random fashion

Comparative method How many correspondence sets are illustrated in this data? Two Three Four Many—the correspondence seem random

Mass Comparison How many language families seem to be represented in this data? One Two Three Six

Second Language Acquisition (1) Native speaker of Mandarin Chinese: “They pay much attention on grammar rules than the actual use of English in communications. What is the source of the underlined errors in English? Overgeneralization Interference

Second Language Acquisition (2) Native speaker of Mandarin Chinese: “Language is human cognitive ability which marked that human have to understand and practice second language in order to master it.” What is the source of the underlined errors in English? Overgeneralization Interference

Inflection and Derivation: The underlined words all have a morphological error. The incorrectly used morpheme is… an inflectional affix a derivational affix: N V a derivational affix: V  N a derivational affix: A  V a derivational affix: V  A a derivational affix: A  N a derivational affix: N  A a derivational affix that does not change category Answers to all these are given under #5 in http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/schuh/lx001/Discussion/d03_morphology_key.pdf List of topics