1. (Materials adapted from ANT 522 Intro. to Phonology by Lee Bickmore, UAlbany)

2.  Write the phonetic symbols representing each sound:  Voiced labiodental fricative  Voiceless palatal affricate  Voiced velar nasal  Voiced palatal fricative  Voiced labiovelar glide  Voiced alveolar retroflex

3.  Write the phonetic symbols representing each sound:  High front tense unrounded vowel  Mid back lax rounded vowel  Low back lax unrounded vowel  Mid front tense unrounded vowel

4. HeightFront-BackTense-LaxRoundness

5. PlaceMannerVoicing

6.  What is similar between these sounds:  [p], [s], [f], [k]  [y], [t ʃ ], [d ʃ ], [ ʃ ], [ ʒ ]  [v], [ð], [m], [ ʒ ], [a]  Which one does not fit:  [f], [θ], [z], [ ʤ ] [h], [ ʒ ]  [v], [g], [s], [u], [e],  [t], [r], [n], [ŋ], [z]

7. Main Topics 1. Phonological Analysis: Allophones  Solving data sets on allophones  Using distinctive features  Formulating phonological rules & Underlying Representations (UR). 2. Morphological Analysis  Finding individual morphemes  Lead up to morpho-phonemic analysis

8. Phonological Analysis: Allophones Exercise: Old English 1.Analyze the distribution of [n] and [ ŋ]. [x] is a voiceless velar fricative. 2.Is there any phonological process going on?

9. Phonological Analysis: Allophones Exercise: Greek 1.Analyze the sounds: [x, k, ç, c]. [x] is a voiceless velar fricative [ç] is a voiceless palatal fricative [c] is a voiceless palatal stop 2.Which sounds are in contrastive distribution? 3.Which sounds are in complementary distribution? 4.What are the phonological rules?

10. Phonological Analysis: Allophones Exercise: Igbirra 1.Analyze the sounds: [e] and [a] 2.State the phonological rules.

11. Phonological Analysis: Allophones Exercise: Tamil 1.Analyze the sounds: [ʊ] and [ɯ] 2.State the phonological rules.

12. Morphological Analysis for Phonology A. Basic assumptions: 1. A morpheme is a meaning unit (which cannot be further divided into compositional meaning units). 2. Morphemes can combine to make words. E.g. ke- merdeka-an. 3. Morphemes can be divided into: roots and affixes (Suffix, Prefix, Infix).  Words can have more than 1 affix: ke-ter-buka-an  Words can have more than 1 root=compound words e.g. sepakbola. 4. There can be homophonous morphemes:  E.g. a-typical, a; in-correct, in; un-happy, un-tie

13. B. Foreign words and English glosses 1. Sometimes 1 English word = 1 Foreign word: Spanish perro = English dog Sometimes 1 E morpheme = 1 Foreign morpheme: Plural perro-s, dog-s 2. What is 2 morphemes in a single word in one lang = 2 separate words in another language. Spanish: Cant-o = English: I sing 3. Sometimes what is glossed with more than one morpheme (or word) in Eng. is simply one morpheme in the other language. Aztec: ni-chooka ‘I cry’, ti-chooka ‘you cry’, chooka ‘he/she cries’ Conclusion: 3 sg. marker is /ø/ (null morpheme). 4. Sometimes what is glossed with one morpheme in English is actually two morphemes in FL: Spanish blanc-a 'white‘ - English : ‘white (Fem)’ Turkish haz-at 'house‘ - English: ‘house (Nom.)’

14. C. Morphological Parsing: 1. Format:  Data most often given in rows and columns, where roots remain consistent across the row, and the affixal morpheme remains consistent down the column. Tahiti parau ‘speak’parauraa ‘speaking” haaparau ‘make speak’ parauhia ‘be spoken’ himene ‘sing’himeneraa ‘singing’ haahimene ‘make sing’ himenehia ‘be sung’ tomo ‘enter’tomoraa ‘entering’ haatomo ‘make enter’ tomohia ‘be entered’

15. C. Morphological Parsing: 2. Analysis: a.Scan down each column. As a first guess assume that the affix is the phonological material that the words have in common. b.Scan across each row. As a first guess assume that the root is the phonological material that the words have in common. Tahiti parau ‘speak’parauraa ‘speaking” haaparau ‘make speak’ parauhia ‘be spoken’ himene ‘sing’himeneraa ‘singing’ haahimene ‘make sing’ himenehia ‘be sung’ tomo ‘enter’tomoraa ‘entering’ haatomo ‘make enter’ tomohia ‘be entered’ –ing (gerund) morpheme: _________ Causative (make) morpheme: ________ Passive (‘be’) morpheme: __________

16. Exercise: Morphological Parsing singular

17. Exercise: Morphological Parsing singular

18. D. Important notes: 1. Alternations: One morpheme will sometimes have two or more ‘allomorphs’. 2. When there are alternations: a.Assume alternation in affix b.Assume alternation in root c.Assume no alternation 3. Alternations must be explained: a.Choose one allomorph to be the underlying morpheme. This is usually done by choosing the morpheme with the alternating sound which has the most varied or widest distribution. b.Write a phonological rule or rules which derive the other allomorphs correctly. You must always make sure that your rule doesn’t ‘mess up’ other forms in the data.

19. Exercise: Morphological Alternation