Final Exam Review Packet

Question 1 All organic compounds contain what element? Carbon What are the two other elements most commonly found in organic compounds? Hydrogen and Oxygen Nitrogen and Phosphate are also commonly found

Question 2 Differentiate between covalent and ionic bonds. Covalent= sharing of electrons Ionic= Electrons are donated or accepted.

17 Carbohydrate Carbonyl Hydroxyl Monosaccharides   Structure of the Compound Function of the Compound in the Human Body / Cell Functional Group(s) Monomers -what do we call them? -what are some examples? Polymers Carbohydrate Carbonyl Hydroxyl Monosaccharides -glucose, fructose, galactose Polysaccharides -cellulose, starch, glycogen Energy Protein Carboxyl Amino Amino Acid -glycine Polypeptide Enzymes – speed up reactions Structure of your body Antibodies Lipid Glycerol & Fatty Acids Triglycerides Wax Phospholipid Steroids Store Energy Insulate the body Protect the body Nucleic Acid X     Nucleotide DNA & RNA Store and Express the instructions for life 17

Question 4 Compound Monomer or polymer function Cellulose Carbohydrate Cell wall stability/fiber Polypeptide Protein Once folded it will be a protein Polysaccharide Complex sugar-Energy Glycerol and fatty acid Lipid Monomers Building blocks of fats Starch Complex sugar storage in plants Phospholipid Cell membrane Glucose Monomer Energy storage for animals Simple sugars Carbohydrates Quick energy

5. Differentiate between hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis 5. Differentiate between hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis. Include which one makes bonds and which one breaks bonds, and also which one stores energy and which releases energy. Hydrolysis adds water to a substance, which allows bonds to be broken. The previously bonded monomers bond with pieces of the H2O instead of each other. Dehydration Synthesis removes water from a substance and allows bonds to then be formed between monomers.

6. Draw water. Label the elements and charges that make up water. O - + H

Question 7

8. List definitions for the following terms: cohesion, hydrogen bond, non-polar Cohesion- The tendency of water to stick to itself and form droplets due to hydrogen bonding Hydrogen Bond- A weak bond formed by a negative and positive charge, the positive charge being a hydrogen atom, attracting each other. Non-Polar- A molecule which is equally charged on both sides and does not hydrogen bond with itself.

9. What is an example of an organic compound that is “non-polar”? Oils and Fats are non-polar

10. Explain acids and bases using the PH scale. Acids are on the lower side of the PH scale. If it’s lower than 7 than it’s an acid; if it’s higher than 7, it’s a base. Acid < 7 More H+ Neutral=7 Base > 7 More -OH

11. What is the function of enzymes 11. What is the function of enzymes? List some specific names of enzymes – what do the names have in common? Enzymes are known as biological catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy. Amylase Lactase Ligase Helicase The names have the same –ase ending.

12. Define a catalyst. A catalyst is described as something that speeds up a reaction.

13. What environmental factors influence enzyme activity? Temperature PH Enzyme concentration Substrate concentration Inhibitors substrate Active Site

14. How do changes in the environmental factors listed above impact the activity of the enzyme? All of these factors can denature an enzyme, or make it stop working by changing the structure. The enzyme works best at their optimum temperature, PH, etc.

Question 15 Element= basic building blocks of all matter- found on the periodic table- pure Molecule= multiple elements together. Molecule is larger in comparison to the elements it is made of.

Question 16 List the three parts to the cell theory 1. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. All organisms are comprised of one or more cells. All cells come from pre-existing cells.

Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Question 17 Unicellular and Multicellular Example: Plants/Animals Complex Nucleus Unicellular Example: Bacteria Primitive No Nucleus Cytoplasm Ribosomes DNA Cell Membrane Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

Question 18 Nucleus- the cell’s genetic control center; stores DNA, makes ribosomes, and directs the synthesis of proteins through RNA Plasma Membrane- composed of lipids and proteins that hold together the cell and regulates what enters/leaves Ribosomes- make proteins Mitochondrion- where cellular respiration occurs; food->energy

Question 18 Chloroplasts- where photosynthesis occurs; sunlight->energy Lysosomes- enzymes break down food, damaged organelles, and bacteria Golgi Body- distributes proteins to various parts of the cell; “shipping center” Vacuoles- stores pigment, poison, food, and water Cell Wall- protects cell and gives it a rigid shape

Question 19 What organelles are found in most prokaryotic cells? Ribosomes, the plasma membrane, the cell wall, and the cytoplasm are all found in prokaryotic cells.

Question 20 What organelles are present in a plant cell that are absent in an animal cell? The cell wall, chloroplasts, and large central vacuole are not found in animal cells.

Levels of Organization Question 21 Levels of Organization Simplest Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism Most Complex

Active Passive Question 22 Low to High High to Low Yes No Create a table comparing passive and active transport. 1) What direction is the concentration gradient? 2) Is ATP required? 3) What is the goal of this process? Active Passive Low to High High to Low Yes No Moves molecular substances that the cell needs to function against the concentration gradient- Goal: to create a concentration gradient Moves molecular substances that the cell needs to function with the concentration gradient- Goal: to reach equilibrium

Question 23 Define the following terms and classify them as either passive or active Diffusion: The tendency of molecules to spread out into less concentrated space (Passive) Osmosis: The diffusion of water over the cell membrane (Passive) Facilitated Diffusion: Diffusion with the assistance of a protein (Passive) Endocytosis: The process in which a cell absorbs a molecule into itself (Active) Exocytosis: The process in which a cell disperses a molecule from within itself (Active)

Question 24 Label a cell membrane: Carbohydrate Chain Phospholipid Bilayer Cholesterol Protein More Accurate model

Question 25 Label a Phospholipid Bilayer: Hydrophilic (Exposed to Water) Hydrophobic (Away from water)

Question 26: How do substances affect cells?

Question 27: Define Homeostasis: Homeostasis is the constant maintenance within an animal that occurs in order to compensate for disrupting changes. In a sense, it is the force that keeps an animal in a stable condition.

Question 28 Plants and some photosynthetic bacteria can use photosynthesis to create energy (sugar). Autotrophs

29. ATP Tri-Phosphate sugar Nitrogen Bases

29. ADP Di-phosphate

29. Differences ATP ADP Tri-phosphate Primary energy used to power living things High amount of chemical energy Universal Power Source ADP Di-phosphate Less commonly used then ATP Still contains energy, but less so due to fewer bonds

30. What is a pigment. A pigment is a substance that absorbs light in photosynthetic organisms Chlorophyll is the primary pigment found in plants. Chlorophyll is green because it reflects green light. Chlorophyll is found in the chloroplasts in plants.

31. Chemical equation for photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H20  C6H12O6 + 6O2 Reactants Products

32. Chemical equation for cellular respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H20 + ATP Reactants Products

Question 33 Chloroplasts Mitochondrion Used to convert sunlight into energy Found in plants Only Double Membrane Where photosynthesis takes place Mitochondrion Convert chemical substances into energy Found in animal and plant cells Has a double membrane Site of cellular respiration

Question 34 Cellular respiration releases energy for the cell in the form of ATP. ATP does not “store” well and must be used quickly.

Question 35: Two steps to Photosynthesis Light Dependent Reaction Takes place in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplasts Light is absorbed by chlorophyll splits water and produces O2 ATP and NADPH (energy carriers) accept electrons. Requires light The Calvin Cycle Takes place in the Stroma (empty space) ATP and NADPH are used to fuel the cycle. CO2 is converted into glucose (sugar) Can happen without light

Question 36: Three steps to cellular respiration 1. Glycolysis- Takes place in the cytoplasm of cell Glucose is broken down into Pyruvate 2 Net ATP and NADH are created 2. The Krebs Cycle- Takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria Pyruvates are converted into 2 more ATP and CO2 is a waste product (Carbon from Pyruvates attach to O2) NADH and FADH2 are created (electron carriers) 3. Electron Transport Chain- Takes place in the mitochondrial membrane NADH and FADH2 are used as “fuel” 34 ATP are created

37. Compare and Contrast Aerobic respiration When Oxygen IS present Can produce up to 38 ATP Anaerobic respiration When oxygen is NOT present Lactic acid or alcoholic fermentation Produces a net of 2 ATP