2.  word gameword game 1. How many different letters are in the words? How many other words can you make from the letters? 2. Use the example to explain how only 92 natural elements could form all the different substances on Earth.

3. Element - A single substance. It is not made up of other things (symbolized by letters – only 1 capital). - The First 92 on the poster are found naturally and are used to make everything found on the Earth (Living and Nonliving) 4 Elements are found in All Living Things  OXYGEN – CARBON – HYDROGEN - NITROGEN

4. Compound - Substances made by combining and bonding together different elements (H 2 O – NaCl – C 12 H 22 O 11 ) - Compounds do not retain the physical properties of the elements they are made up of. Atom - The smallest amount of matter you can have. It has all the properties of an element (Tells you HOW MUCH of an ELEMENT you have – Subscript #’s).

5. Molecule - A group of atoms held together by a bond. It can be an element or compound (Tells you HOW MUCH of the substance you have – Big # in Front).

6.  Proton - Positive charge found in the nucleus. Determines what the element will be.  Neutron - No charge found in the nucleus.  Electron - Negative charge found orbiting the nucleus (Should have the same # as the protons) Bonds – the attractive force that hold elements together to form compounds. A chemical reaction is required to form these bonds.

8. Chemical Reactions - A reaction where bonds are either formed or broken to make or break down compounds - Substance changes into an entirely new substance with different properties. Examples 

9. Metabolism - All of the chemical reactions that occur within the cell. The jobs carried out by the organelles.

10. Decomposition Reaction - A chemical reaction that breaks the bonds that hold a compound together and releases the stored energy Synthesis Reaction - A chemical reaction that forms the bonds that hold elements together in a compound and stored energy

11. Mixture - Two or more substances combined. - The adding of different elements or compound together without bonding them to each other (They retain their physical properties without forming something new). Solution - A type of mixture where one substance (solute) dissolves into another (solvent) and is spread out evenly (Sugar or Salt in Water – smells in the air).

12. Carbon - Is one of the most important elements in the formation of compounds. It is the backbone or framework for the 4 Molecules of Life **Carbon has the ability to bond in several different directions with many types of other elements.

13. 1) Carbohydrates Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen Subunits: Monosaccharides Used For: The cells energy source (fuel), energy storage, and plant cell structure. Types Of: Sugars (simple) & Starches (complex)

14. 2) Lipids Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen Subunits: Fatty acids & Glycerol Used For: Back up energy source (fuel), energy storage, cell structure, & protection / insulation Types Of: Fats, Oils, Waxes, Steroids

15. 3) Proteins Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen & Nitrogen Subunits: Amino Acids Used For: Cell Structure & Chemicals used for cell Functions / Metabolism (Chemical Reactions). Types Of: Polypeptides & Enzymes

16. 4) Nucleic Acids Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen & Phosphorus Subunits: Nucleotides Used For: Stores & sends information (Genetic Code) Types Of: DNA & RNA

18. Enzymes - Special protein chemicals that are responsible for carrying out chemical reactions in the cell (nearly all cell functions require an enzyme in order to work)  Enzymes are used for metabolic reactions (synthesis & decomposition). They will be used to either speed them up or slow them down.

19. Substrate - The “stuff” that the enzyme is working on (putting together or taking apart). Active Site - The place on the enzyme that the substrate attaches to in order for the reaction to occur.  The substrate & active site must fit together like puzzle pieces. Because of this, an enzyme can only work on one specific type of substrate (Hundreds of different types of enzymes are needed)

20.  The enzyme doesn’t get used up in the chemical reaction, it can carry out its function over and over.

21. Time – Temperature – pH - These can all change the shape of the enzymes active site. - If this happens then the enzyme loses its ability to work and must be replaced.

22. 1. How is each of these organisms using energy? 2. In what other ways do organisms use energy

24. Energy - The ability to do work or cause movement - Chemical, Light, Heat, Mechanical, & Electrical  Energy, like matter cannot be made or destroyed. It gets converted from one form to another. Through Photosynthesis, Cell Respiration, & ATP we are able to run off the sun’s energy.  All living things require energy in order to survive. Cells run off energy molecules called ATP

25.  ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) - A fully charged cell battery. It contains three phosphates and two energy bonds (It can be used to do whatever the cell needs).  ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) - A half charged cell battery. It contains two phosphates and one energy bond (It can be used to do whatever the cell needs or recharged back to an ATP).

26.  AMP (Adenosine Monophosphate) - A fully drained cell battery. It contains one phosphate & no energy bonds (It must be recharged before being used). ATP ADP P P

27. 1. ATP is Right Amount of Energy - Food contains too much energy for cell processes (38 ATP recharged from a single Monosaccharide). 2. Store the Energy Without the Food - A food molecule is just a package that contains the energy in it. The Bonds holding the compound together is the energy

28.  ATP need to be recharged after being used, this is done by breaking down food (carbohydrates) in Cell Respiration. ATP / ADP Cycle 1. When energy is needed a phosphate is removed from an ATP molecule forming an ADP molecule. By breaking this bond energy is released to power cell activities * Breaking down ATP is a Decomposition Reaction which breaks down bonds & releases energy

29. 2. When food is broken down in Cell Respiration the bonds that hold the compound together are pulled apart, this releases energy. This energy is used to add a phosphate back on the ADP recharging it into an ATP. (Synthesis Reaction) 3. Sometimes another phosphate is pulled off of the ADP before it gets recharged. This forms an AMP molecule which must have two phosphates added to become a fully charged ATP. * This only occurs during prolonged times of physical activity

30. ATPCell WorkADPFoodRespiration Broken down to do: Left with: Need to be Recharged Is broken down by: Recharges ADP into:

31.  All life depends on Autotrophs (Plants) for their energy. Photosynthesis is a synthesis reaction that occurs in the Chloroplasts of Plant Cells Chlorophyll - The green pigment found in Chloroplasts which is responsible for absorbing sunlight (Similar to a glow in the dark pigment) Photosynthesis - Process in which plants convert the sun’s energy (Light) into the solid usable form of food (Chemical) [Food is primarily Carbs]

32.  Light Dependent Reactions (Needs Light) - The Light energy is captured by the chlorophyll in the chloroplasts - It is passed down the electron transport chain. - This energy is used to bond phosphates onto ADP molecules, forming ATP molecules.

33.  Light Independent Reactions (Doesn’t Need Light) - ATP energy made in the light dependent reaction is used to bond H 2 O and CO 2 together to form glucose (Carbohydrates) Photosynthesis Equation: Carbon Dioxide + Water + Sun  Food (Sugar) + Oxygen CO 2 + H 2 O + Light Energy  C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2

34.  All organisms (Plants & Animals) carry out Cell Respiration. It is the process that occurs in the Mitochondria by which ADP molecules are recharged back into ATP. Cell Respiration - Process in which oxygen is used to breakdown sugar (Food) to release its energy * This food is primarily carbohydrates.  Consumers eat the food 1 st then they carry out cell respiration to charge their batteries (ATP)  Producers make the food in Photosynthesis then carry out cell Respiration to charge their batteries (ATP)

35.  Glycolysis (Doesn’t Need Oxygen-anaerobic) - Sugar is broken down into Pyruvic Acid - 4 ATPs are produced  Kreb’s Cycle (Requires Oxygen-aerobic) - Pyruvic Acid is modified and CO 2 is released - 2 ATPs are produced  Electron Transport Chain (Requires Oxygen) - Left over products from the Kreb’s Cycle is used and H 2 O is released - 32 ATP are produced

36. Cellular Respiration Equation: Food(Sugar) + Oxygen  Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2  CO 2 + H 2 O + 38 ATP