World War I: The War To End All Wars Mr. Ermer World History AP Miami Beach Senior High

Causal Factors Naval arms races and colonial competition Nationalism rises as major factor throughout nineteenth cen. Self-determination Eastern Europe and Balkan nations controlled by Russian, Ottoman, and Austro-Hungarian empires Greece, Bulgaria, and Serbia gain independence from Ottomans Nationalism continues to grow among Slavs Naval arms races and colonial competition Public Opinion Formation of Alliances Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy Triple Entente: France, Britain, Russia War Plans Germany’s Schlieffen Plan France’s Plan XVII

“Till the world comes to an end, the ultimate decision will rest with the sword”

War: The Summer of 1914 June 28, 1914: Bosnian terrorist group, The Black Hand, assassinates Archduke Franz Ferdinand (future Austrian king) Serbia rejects Austria-Hungary’s peace offer, due to terms infringing on Serbian sovereignty With Germany’s “full support” Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia on July 28 July 29: Russia mobilizes troops to defensive positions Germany sends ultimatum to Russia, note to France August 1: Germany declares war on Russia and France Mobilizes Schlieffen Plan, Belgium refuses Germany passage August 4: Britain sends Germany ultimatum on Belgium

The Guns of August & Stalemate Expectations for quick war German advance stops along River Marne, trenches form Western Front becomes war of attrition Use of barbed wire, chemical weapons, machine guns, tanks, airplanes, submarines (U-Boats) Bloodletting, deaths, costs rise along both fronts Civilians also seen as targets, cities and trade ships attacked German zeppelins bomb English cities—London Italy leaves Triple Alliances, joins with Triple Entente, alliances renamed Allied Powers Germany & Austria (Central Powers), drive back Russian attack of Poland and Prussia, new defensive lines form Russian defeats undermine Tsar’s authority Bulgaria joins Central Powers

The Home Front Total War Conscription, Control of Production, Rationing Women in the workplace Dangerous conditions, TNT poisoning Women’s rights and suffrage Propaganda Censorship Advertising Demonization of the enemy Building support and cause for war War Bonds

European Colonies in East Asia

Japan & the Pacific in the Great War War spills into European colonies Colonial peoples brought to Europe to fight British commonwealth also called on August 15, 1914: Japan sends Germany ultimatum for land Also immediate withdrawal of German navy from Asia Japan declares war on Germany, take German possessions Australia and New Zealand join in taking German islands 1915: Japan Issues the “Twenty-one Demands” Japan’s imperial motivations for China

Europe Colonizes Africa

Africa & the Middle East in the Great War Allies target German colonies in Africa Many troops die of tropical and mosquito borne diseases Ottoman Empire joins Central Powers, Britain attacks Britain attempts control of the Dardanelles at Gallipoli Turks under Mustafa Kamel turn back British 1913: Trukification pogrom targets Armenians Arab self-determination and T.E. Lawrence Ottoman army performs poorly, Allies gain territory

The Russian Revolution Tsar mismanages the war, grows unpopular Russian economy cannot handle total war The March Revolution Tsar Nicholas II abdicates amidst protests, mutinies, famine Provisional government shares power with soviets (unions) Provisional government popular, until it supports Allies Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin) takes control of Bolsheviks November Revolution Lenin and Bolsheviks take control of government Socialist slogans, communist reorganization Sign Treaty of Brest-Litovsk to take Russia out of war Russia gives much territory to Germany in exchange for peace

The United States & The Great War At first United States stays out of the war British navy blocks ships from Germany German submarines bomb British ships May 7, 1915: Germans bomb Lusitania killing over 100 American citizens U.S. angry, Germans suspend sub warfare British navy gains edge, Germans break promise, re-launch subs 1917: U.S. enters war against Central Powers March 1918: German Gen. Lundendorff unsuccessfully leads new offensive on Western Front—defeat at hand September 30, 1918: Bulgaria capitulates October 30: Ottoman Empire signs armistice November 4: Austria-Hungary surrenders November 11: Germany accepts armistice

Aftermath of War Physical destruction (northern France & Belgium=worse) Influenza Pandemic of 1918 The Paris Peace Conference Georges Clemenceau, Lloyd George, Vittorio Orlando, and Woodrow Wilson dominate the proceedings Central Powers not invited to Peace Conference Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points Open covenants, self-determination (for “civilized nations”), freedom of the seas, free trade, rights for colonial peoples League of Nations Harsh peace for Germany and Austria Ataturk and modern, secular Turkish nationalism The Mandate System Middle East under French and British control Shifting global order: colonial nationalism, weakened Europe