CH 24 Ottoman and Qing 1800-1870 WHAP Mr Pack

CH 24 Ottoman Empire- refusal to adapt to westernized technology, ideas of enlightenment, over expansion and corruption led to decline and nickname “The Sick Man of Europe” Egypt- ruled by mamluks (about 600 years prior) Napoleon conquers mamluks in 1799, but must return to France- mamluks retake control Ottoman sultan sends military to retake Egypt- military officer Muhammed Ali selected by locals to be new governor, sultan has no power to refuse

Muhammed Ali of Egypt

Ch 24 Ali expands Egypt- takes Sudan by 1820, Ali attempts to aid Sultan against Greece revolutionaries seeking independence, but Egypt navy destroyed at Battle of Navarino (1827), Greece independent in 1832 Ali sends son to conquer Syria in 1831-1832, successful attempts to conquer Ottoman Empire but European forces intervene

CH 24 Ali reforms- use of conscription, established schools, sent officers to France for education, started first official newspaper in Islamic world. Industrializes Egypt, taxes peasants so high that land is seized- Suez Canal built in 1869 increases trade Sultan Selim III (rules Ottoman Empire from 1789-1807) attempted reforms to match Europe but Islamic scholars disapprove of limiting of religion and Janissaries want to hold privilege and power and have him executed instead

Navarino, Suez Canal, Sultan Selim III

CH 24 Sultan Mahmud II (1808-1839) abolishes Janissaries in 1826 making European style artillery unit instead. Feudal system ended in 1831 and military paid thru government taxes. Road building, postal service organized, improved government centralization Crimean War- (1853-1854) shows Ottomans as weak, need assistance from Great Britain and France to defeat Russia After Mahmud Tanzimat reforms occur (1839-1876)

CH 24 Tanzimat reforms: End of corruption, secular and specialty schools founded ( engineering, military, etc.)no longer controlled by ulama, railroads and canals constructed, codified new laws making it easier for foreigners to trade with empire 1856 Hatt-I Humayun (Ottoman Reform Edict) declares equality for all men in education, government appointments, and justice without regard to religion or ethnicity.

CH 24 Military headgear- fez instead of cap, so forehead can touch ground in worship Ottoman loss of territory, Greece + Egypt, also Balkans (Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia) which become protectorates of Russia or the Austria Hungarian Empire. North Africa Algiers controlled by France, Britain controls Cyprus. Ottoman Empire gives trading rights to nations but does not benefit, civil unrest (Young Turks who want new constitution), Ottomans make secret alliance with Germany in hopes of returning to power

Young Turks wearing Fez

CH 24 Qing China’s final dynasty (1644-1911) European powers could only trade in Canton (Guangzhou), traded for tea, porcelain, silk China desires no European goods, except for popular opium Importation against law but not enforced As opium addiction spreads, China starts to enforce law and seize shipments leading to the opium war (1839-1842)

CH 24 British- seizure of opium a violation of free trade, want stronger economy so go to war Chinese lose war, ends with Treaty of Nanking- ends Canton system, 4 more chinese ports open to trade, British citizens granted extraterritoriality rights (not subject to Chinese laws), Hong Kong becomes British colony. Spheres of Influence- European powers dominate China trade

Opium War

CH 24 Qing Taiping Rebellion- resentful of Emperor and “foreign devils”, starving peasants, and workers unite to oppose Qing rule. Taipings seize city of Nanjing but eventually conquered with help from Britain and France. Yellow river changes course causing floods, draughts and famine, bubonic plague also breaks out …leading to death of perhaps 20 million

CH 24 Qing China attempts reforms (self strengthening movement 1861-1895), improve military technology, customs service China defeated in Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) New emperor attempts reform-but mother takes power Cixi (known as the Empress Dowager)

CH24 Qing Empress fears foreign influence, puts stop to railroad and other developments Ends civil service system Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901) Righteous and Harmonious Order of Fists (secret society) opposes foreigners, targeting Christian missionaries and converts. British and American forces (with reluctant Chinese forces) put down rebellion

Empress Dowager, Boxer Rebellion

CH 24 Qing U.S. Secretary of State John Hay- open door policy, all powerful nations have equal trading rights in China Russo-Japanese war- Russians defeated, Japan moves into Manchuria weakening Chinese empire 1911- Revolutionary movement overthrows dynasty, lead by Sun Yat-Sen on the principles of democracy, nationalism and livelihood. Many Chinese leave to work in foreign nations as indentured servants.