What’s the Big Idea? The United States influenced the foreign affairs of Latin America.

Essential Question How did Latin American nations struggle for stability, and how did industrialized nations affect them?

Aim Identify the Monroe Doctrine and Roosevelt Corollary Describe how the United States acted as an imperialist power in Latin America Explain the causes and effects of the Mexican Revolution

Let’s Set the Stage In the mid-1800s, some Latin American economies began to grow. Foreign investment allowed them to develop mining and agriculture. Foreigners also invested in improving transportation. There were few benefits for the majority of Latin Americans. The rigid class structure limited economic gains to the few at the top of the social hierarchy. In 1823, the United States issued the Monroe Doctrine. This reflected the intention of the United States to make Latin America a U.S. sphere of influence.

U.S. Imperialism The Monroe Doctrine (1823) – U.S. foreign policy position that declared that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention. The policy was also backed up by the British Royal Navy. James Monroe (1758– 1831)

Spanish American War (1898-99) Jose Marti (1853 – 95) Sinking of the Maine (1898) The Rough Riders Spain was challenged by the Cuban Revolution (1895) led by Marti. Spain crushed rebellion with many atrocities. U.S. intervention against Spain began with the sinking of the battleship Maine and ended in military triumph (1899).

The Panama Canal (1903-1914) In 1903 the US backed a revolt by Panamanians against Colombia; once independent, Panama gave the U.S. control of the land where a canal would be built. Construction began in 1904 and was completed in ten years. It was an engineering marvel that boosted trade and shipping worldwide. To Latin Americans, its was another example of Yankee imperialism.

Theodore Roosevelt (1858– 1919) The Roosevelt Corollary (1904) – This addition to the Monroe Doctrine states that the United States will intervene in conflicts between European Nations and Latin American countries to enforce legitimate claims of the European powers, rather than having the Europeans press their claims directly [gunboat diplomacy].

Why did U.S. leaders add the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine? To protect U.S. investments in Latin America

Causes of the Mexican Revolution (1910-20) General Porfirio Diaz ruled as a dictator in the late 1800s and early 1900s. He brutally suppressed opposition. Diaz brought economic advances to Mexico. Railroads were built and industry grew. The wealth went to a small upper class as well as to foreign investors. Most Mexicans were uneducated and poor. In 1910, the discontent boiled over into a revolution.

The Mexican Revolution (1910-20) The Revolution was a major armed struggle that started with an uprising led by Francisco Madero against longtime autocrat Porfirio Díaz, and lasted for the better part of a decade. Over time the Revolution changed from a revolt against the established order to a multi-sided civil war. This armed conflict is often categorized as the most important socio-political event in Mexico and one of the greatest upheavals of the 20th century. Porfirio Diaz (1830– 1915) Francisco Madero (1873– 1913)

Three Rival Revolutionaries The assassination of Madero by Victoriano Huerta in 1912 was followed by years of social and political unrest. U.S. intervention and Mexican uprisings toppled Huerta (1914). No leader emerged – three men vied for power: Venustiano Carranza, Francisco “Pancho” Villa and Emiliano Zapata. U.S. involvement led to a Carranza presidency. Huerta (1850–1916) Carranza (1859-1920) Villa (1878–1923) Zapata (1879-1919)

Effects of the Mexican Revolution (1910-20) Constitution of 1917 – land reform, government control of church estates and more rights to workers and women. Social reforms – first Latin American nation to achieve social reforms for the majority of the people. Libraries and schools set up. Opportunity for Indians to regain land. Economic Nationalism – aimed at ending economic dependence on industrial powers. Cultural Nationalism – taking pride in Latin American culture while rejecting the influences of Europe.

A major reason for the issuance of the Monroe Doctrine (1823) was to 1. discourage United States trade with Latin America 2. defend the Panama Canal from Great Britain 3. prevent further European colonization in the Caribbean region 4. provide economic aid to Latin American nations

How did the United States act as an imperialist power in Latin America? The United States interfered politically in Latin America when its interests were threatened or when it could gain an advantage by using military force, as in Panama.