1. Transformations Around the Globe
Chapter 12

2. China Resists Outside Influence
Section 1

3. China & the West
Western economic pressure forces China to open foreign trade & influence
1793, China rejects gifts brought by British ambassador
China is strong politically because it is largely self-sufficient
Agriculture, mining, manufacturing is highly productive
China earns more from exports than it spends on imports
British smuggle opium; many Chinese become addicted

4. War Breaks Out 1839, Opium War erupts – fight caused by opium trade
China loses the war to more modern British navy
Treaty of Nanjing (1842) gives British control of Hong Kong
1844, other nations win extraterritorial rights
Rights mean foreigners exempt from Chinese laws at ports

5. The Taiping Rebellion
Late 1830’s, Hong Xiuquan recruits followers to build new China
1850’s, Hong’s army grows large, captures large areas in southeast
1864, rebellion defeated by internal fighting & outside attacks by British & French
At least 20 million people died in the rebellion

6. Foreign Influence Grows
, Dowager Empress Cixi rules China
Reforms in education, government, & military
Prefers traditional way of life
China suffers attacks from other nations & forced to grant more rights to other countries
Europeans & Japan gain spheres of influence
Foreign nations controlled trade & investment
U.S. declares Open Door Policy (1899)
Chinese trade open to all nations

7. The Boxer Rebellion
Anti-government, anti-European peasants form secret organization – Society of Righteous & Harmonious Fists
Known as “The Boxers”
1900, they launch the Boxer Rebellion – their campaign for reforms
Rebels take Beijing, but foreign army defeats them, ending the rebellion
Rebellion fails, but Chinese nationalism emerges

8. Modernization in Japan
Section 2

9. Japan Ends Its Isolation
Treaty of Kanagwa – Japan opens two ports to American ships
By 1860, Japan has trade agreements with many nations
Meiji Era – time of reform by emperor, Mutsuhito
Makes reforms & modernizing using Western models
By early 1900, Japan had industrialized & is competitive with the West

10. Imperial Japan By 1890, has strong navy & large army
In 1894, Japan gets Western nations to give up special rights
Japan forces Korea to open 3 ports to trade with
Japan & China agree not to send troops to Korea
China sends troops to put down rebellion in Korea
Japan drives Chinese out of Korea & gains Chinese territory

11. Russo-Japanese War 1903, Japan & Russia begin struggle over Manchuria
Japan attacks Russia in 1904
1905, the Treaty of Portsmouth ends the war; Japan gained captured territories
Treaty drafted by Pres. Theodore Roosevelt
Signed off the coast of New Hampshire on a ship

12. Japan Occupies Korea Japan makes Korea a protectorate
1910, Japan completes the annexation of Korea
Japan rules harshly in Korea which leads to Korean nationalism

13. U.S. Economic Imperialism
Section 3

14. Latin America After Independence
Economic system kept peasants in debt & landowners grew wealthy
Caudillos – military dictators – gain & hold power backed by the military
Ruled in most of Latin American countries
Reformers sometimes gain office, but eventually forced out
Wealthy landowners support caudillos; poor have few rights

15. Latin American Economies
Depend on exporting 1 or 2 products
Trains & refrigeration increase demand for L. Am. food
L. Am. Imports manufactured goods
Build few schools, roads, & hospitals
Gov’t forced to borrow money from other countries
Loans not repaid, property repossessed; foreign control increases

16. The Monroe Doctrine
Newly independent countries of Americas are insecure
1823, Pres. James Monroe issues the Monroe Doctrine
Europe cannot colonize anything in North or South America

17. Cuba Declares Independence
1895, Jose Marti, Cuban writer, launches war for Cuban independence
U.S. fights to help Cuba in 1898, leading to the Spanish-American War
1901, Cuba nominally independent; US has significant control
After war, Spain gives the U.S. – Puerto Rico, Guam, & the Philippines

18. Connecting the Oceans
U.S. wants faster way from going east to west by ship
Pres. T. Roosevelt backs idea of building canal across Panama
Colombia rejects Roosevelt’s $10 million canal offer
1903, Panama gains independence from Colombia with the help of the U.S.
In return, Panama gives land to U.S. to build canal & the canal opens in 1914

19. The Roosevelt Corollary
U.S. gains influence in L. America
Many U.S. business investments in Cuba & in other nations
1904, T. Roosevelt issues update of the Monroe Doctrine
The Roosevelt Corollary – U.S. can be the police power in North & South America
U.S. uses the corollary to justify repeated military interventions

20. Turmoil & Change in Mexico
Section 4

21. Santa Anna & Mexican War
Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana dominates politics in Mexico
President four times from
1820’s Mexican officials encourage Americans to settle in TX
“Anglos” settle in TX & want more self-government
Cause problems with Mexico
1835, Texans revolt & win independence
Santa Anna looses power

22. 1845, US annexes Texas; Mexico outraged
1846, war breaks out between US & Mexico
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends war
Northern 3rd of Mexico to US
Santa Anna, who had lost war, looses power again

23. French Invade Mexico
Conservatives plot with Europeans to defeat Benito Juarez
Liberal reformer who wanted to make changes
1862, French sent army to Mexico & take control of country
Put Austrian Archduke Maximilian as emperor
Fighting continues for 5 years & Maximilian is defeated
Juarez president again until death in 1872

24. Diaz & “Order & Progress”
Porfirio Diaz takes power in 1876
Builds power & suppresses opponents
Trades land for political support = elections meaningless
Brings order to Mexico, but freedom is reduced
Rich stay wealthy & poor suffer
Unrest over harsh rule grows throughout Mexico

25. Reformer Francisco Madero calls for armed revolt against Diaz
“Pancho Villa” – leader from north
Emiliano Zapata – leader from south
Both Villa & Zapata have significant victories over Diaz’s army
Diaz forced to step down – new elections in 1911

26. Revolution & Civil War
1911 – Madero elected President – unrest continues
1913, Madero resigns & General Victoriano Huerta takes over
Rebels start fight that last 15 months & Carranza becomes President
Civil War ends in 1919 with Zapata’s death
Mexico gets new constitution which provides land reform, education, & worker’s rights