Let’s Talk Bone Anatomy Next: Divisions of the Skeleton Two main subdivisions, by location Axial skeleton (brown) Appendicular skeleton (yellow)

Cranium Skull Facial bones Clavicle Thoracic cage Scapula (ribs and sternum) Scapula Sternum Rib Humerus Vertebra Vertebral column Radius Ulna Sacrum Carpals Phalanges Metacarpals Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals (a) Anterior view Phalanges Figure 7.1a

Bones of cranium (cranial vault) Coronal suture Squamous suture Lambdoid suture Facial bones (a) Cranial and facial divisions of the skull Figure 7.2a

The Skull: External View, Right Side Coronal suture Frontal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Parietal bone Ethmoid bone Temporal bone Lacrimal bone Lambdoid suture Lacrimal fossa Squamous suture Nasal bone Occipital bone Zygomatic bone Zygomatic process Maxilla Occipitomastoid suture External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Alveolar margins Styloid process Mandibular condyle Mandible Mandibular notch Mental foramen Mandibular ramus Mandibular angle Coronoid process

Skull: Bones of the Face and Forehead Mental foramen

Skull: Posterior View Sagittal suture Parietal bone Sutural bone Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Superior nuchal line External occipital protuberance Mastoid process Inferior nuchal line Occipitomastoid suture External occipital crest Occipital condyle (b) Posterior view Figure 7.4b

Skull, Inferior View

Superior View of Skull With Calvaria Removed Cribriform plate Frontal bone Ethmoid bone Crista galli Olfactory foramina Anterior cranial fossa Optic canal Lesser wing Sphenoid Foramen rotundum Greater wing Foramen ovale Hypophyseal fossa (sella turcica) Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Middle cranial fossa Internal acoustic meatus Temporal bone (petrous part) Jugular foramen Hypoglossal canal Posterior cranial fossa Foramen magnum View Parietal bone Occipital bone

The Butterfly Bone and Cock’s Comb: The Sphenoid & Ethmoid Ethmoid bone Lesser wing Optic canal Superior orbital fissure Greater wing Foramen ovale Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica

Crista galli Ethmoid bone Cribriform plate Frontal sinus Sella turcica Nasal cavity with septum in place, Left Interior View Crista galli Ethmoid bone Cribriform plate Frontal sinus Sella turcica Nasal bone Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone Sphenoid sinus Septal cartilage Palatine bone Vomer Alveolar margin of maxilla Hard palate Palatine process of maxilla

(a) Mandible, right lateral view Mandibular fossa of temporal bone Temporomandibular joint Mandibular notch Coronoid process Mandibular condyle Mandibular foramen Alveolar margin Ramus of mandible Mental foramen Mandibular angle Body of mandible (a) Mandible, right lateral view Figure 7.11a

Paranasal Sinuses Frontal sinus Frontal sinus Ethmoidal air cells Sphenoid sinus Sphenoid sinus Maxillary sinus Maxillary sinus (a) Anterior aspect (b) Medial aspect

The only bone that does not articulate with another bone The Hyoid Bone The only bone that does not articulate with another bone Serves as a moveable base for the tongue Connects via muscles to the styloid process and tongue Figure 5.12

Bone Growth, Repair, and Axial Skeleton Appositional Growth and Bone Remodeling Normal Calcium Deposition and Removal Conditions That Stimulate Bone Remodeling Types of Bone Fractures Stages of Bone Healing Hormone Imbalances and Bone Density Problems Developmental Aspects of the Skeleton Axial Skeleton: The Skull Axial Skeleton: Vertebrae and the Spine

The Vertebral Column C1 Cervical curvature (concave) 7 vertebrae, C1–C7 Spinous process Transverse processes Thoracic curvature (convex) 12 vertebrae, T1–T12 Intervertebral discs Intervertebral foramen Lumbar curvature (concave) 5 vertebrae, L1–L5 Sacral curvature (convex) 5 fused vertebrae sacrum Coccyx 4 fused vertebrae Anterior view Right lateral view

Posterior Vertebral arch Spinous Transverse process process Superior Structure of a Typical Vertebrae Posterior Vertebral arch Spinous process Transverse process Superior articular process and facet Vertebral foramen Body (centrum) Anterior Figure 7.18

Inferior articular process Sectioned body of vertebra Median section of three vertebrae, illustrating the composition of the discs and the ligaments Intervertebral disc Transverse process Sectioned spinous process Inferior articular process Sectioned body of vertebra Figure 7.17a

Bone Growth, Repair, and Axial Skeleton Appositional Growth and Bone Remodeling Normal Calcium Deposition and Removal Conditions That Stimulate Bone Remodeling Types of Bone Fractures Stages of Bone Healing Hormone Imbalances and Bone Density Problems Developmental Aspects of the Skeleton Axial Skeleton: The Skull Axial Skeleton: Vertebrae

Axial Skeleton: Vertebral Column Cervical Vertebrae: C1-C2 Cervical Vertebrae: C3-C7 Atlas and axis combined, superior view Superior and lateral view of C3-C7

Axial Skeleton: Vertebral Column Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12) Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-L5)

Axial Skeleton: Vertebral Column Median sacral crest Sacrum and Coccyx Five fused vertebrae /posterior 3-5 fused vertebrae

The Bony Thorax

Transverse costal facet (for tubercle of rib) Superior costal facet (for head of rib) Angle of rib Head of rib Neck of rib Tubercle of rib Sternum Cross- section of rib Costal cartilage (a) Vertebral and sternal articulations of a typical true rib Figure 7.23a

The Skeletal System: Bones and Axial Skeleton Overview Bone Functions Classification of Bones Long Bone Structure Bone Formation,Growth Bone Fractures The Skull The Vertebral Column