5:24 Imperialism

Africa before Imperialism Hausa—West African Shia Muslims, called for jihad (holy war) to enforce sharia law and force non-Muslims into slavery Sokoto Caliphate (1804-1903)—Islamic reformers who challenged Hausa kings, est. largest empire since Songhay capital Sokoto became Muslim center of learning non-Muslims paid the jiza, or forced into slave trade

Africa before Imperialism Zulu Kingdom (1818-1887)—fierce military empire in South Africa created by Shaka Zulu moved south Africa away from clans to centralized monarchy Conquered men integrated to army, women and children made slaves

Africa before Imperialism African slave trade finally abolished in late 1800s coolies—indentured servants from India, China, and Japan sent to work on plantations in the Americas considered a good opportunity from poverty

European Imperialism imperialism—the act of a country extending its power (social, political, economic) over other territories colonialism—imperial country takes physical control of the land of other territories

European Imperialism The Scramble for Africa (1881-1914)— competition among European nations to take over Africa Berlin Conference (1884-1885)—European countries agree to peacefully divide up Africa based on “effective occupation” goals: take raw materials, show national strength and white superiority, bring Christianity to Africans, end the slave trade

European Imperialism Social Darwinism—idea that humans compete with each other for survival, fittest are superior Rudyard Kippling’s “White Man’s Burden” (1899)—metaphor for the responsibility of white colonists to “civilize” non-whites, justifies imperialism

European Imperialism Leopold II of Beligum (1885-1908)— created the Congo Free State, run by private company Forced Congo people to harvest rubber from the rainforest, mutilations for not meeting production quotas Inspiration for Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness (1902)

European Imperialism New Imperialism—Europeans use economic and technological power to reshape Africa politically and culturally Egypt and Ethiopia understood threat of European military power, began modernization European-style military schools, Suez Canal, railroads “My country is no longer in Africa; it is in Europe” – Ismail Ali of Egypt

European Imperialism By the end of the 1800s, the only nations that had not been colonized by European countries: Asia: Thailand (Siam) Africa: Ethiopia and Liberia Battle of Adowa (1896)—African nation of Ethiopia under King Menelik defeated Italian colonizers using Western military techniques showed African forces could resist European takeover

European Imperialism Boers, aka Afrikaaners—Dutch, German, French Protestants who settled in Cape Town, South Africa South African War (1899-1902)—British vs. Boers for control of South Africa, British victory Cecil Rhodes (1890-1896)—British governor of South Africa, envisioned a “Cape to Cairo” railway

US Imperialism Mexican-American War (1846)—US annexes Texas (despite its revolution in 1836) Annexation of California (1846-1847) and Hawaii (1898) Seward’s Folly (1867)—purchase of Alaska from Russia Spanish-American War (1898)—United States receives Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines from Spain