Skeletal! No bones about it!

Background to skeletal Skeletal system is made of tough bone tissue that supports the body and allows it to move. Bones protect vital organs like the heart and brain

structure Skeletal systems is made up of bone and other connective tissues such as ligaments and cartilage. Bones have their own system of blood vessels and vessels and nerves which allow circulation to occur within the bone

Bones change….. From birth to old age…. In the first month after conception, an embryo’s skeletal framework is made of cartilage. In the second and third months after conception, you can see calcium deposits in the bone.

Bones change…… Calcium continues to form in the bone structure throughout life. A three year olds bones are more flexible than a 30 year old person’s bone A 60 year old may lose calcium from the bone and the bone will become porous and break easily

Functions of bone Serves as a framework for the body Protects internal structures like brain and spinal cord Storage for calcium To produce blood cells, red marrow produce most of the red blood cells Allows flexibility when muscles move them

Different types of bones Long bones- bones that are longer than their width: Humerus Radius Ulna Tibia Fibula Femur

Types of bones Short bones- length and width are nearly equal Wrist and hands Ankles and feet

Types of bones Flat bones- Skull Sternum Ribs Shoulder blade

Types of bone Irregular bones- bones that don’t fit into other groups Face Spine hip

groups The human skeleton is divided into 2 groups Axial- made of 80 bones which make up the ribs and sternum Vertebrae Skull appendicular- skeletal involves the appendages and includes 126 bones that make up the arms, hands, legs, feet, pelvis

joints Joints fall into 3 groups: 1. immovable synarthrosis- like the cranium 2. slightly movable amphiarthrosis- vertibral discs or the attachment of the ribs to the thoracic vertebrae 3. freely movable diarthrosis- like the ball and socket joints of the shoulder and the hip or the hinge joint of the elbow and knee

joints Hinge joint- knee, and elbow Ball and socket joint -the hip, shoulder Pivot joint- the wrist and ankle Gliding joint -lower spine allows bones to glide over each other for movement

Pathology of bones Most common is arthritis- or inflammation of the joints. 2 main types are : osteoarthritis- usually from aging, caused by prolonged wear and tear. Symptoms are joint pain and stiffness, aching And limited ROM

osteoarthritis

2 types of arthritis Rheumatoid- is not just a disease of the joints, it is a systemic disease, meaning it affects the whole body. It can destroy bone and disfigure the joints. Abnormalities occur in the blood vessels, circulating cells and proteins causing anemia. Usually more than one joint is involved in RA, with the hands almost always affected.

RA

RA

Pathologies for bone Bursitis- inflammation of the bursae (small fluid filled sacs around the joint) Symptoms include: severe pain, limited movement and fluid accumulation around the joint.

bursitis

Pathologies of bone Fractures- a crack or break in the bone Types of fractures: 1. greenstick- bone is bent and splits causing a crack or incomplete break- common for children 2. simple or closed- complete break of the bone without damage to skin 3. compound fracture- bone breaks and ruptures through the skin 4. impacted- broken bone ends jam into each other

Greenstick fracture

Simple fracture

Compound fracture

Impacted fracture

Pathologies of bone 5. comminuted- bone fragments or splinters into more than 2 pieces 6. Spiral- bones twists resulting in one or more breaks 7. Depressed- a broken piece of skull bone moves inward- seen in severe head injuries 8. Colles- breaking and dislocation of the distal radius that causes a characteristic bulge at the wrist- caused by falling on an outstretched hand.

comminuted

Spiral break

Depressed fracture

colles

Ways bones can heal Open reduction- bone needs surgical repair with pins or plates to maintain position of the bone Closed reduction- positioning the bone in correct alignment then applying a cast or split to maintain position

Pathologies of bone Osteomyelitis- bone inflammation caused by a pathogenic organism The organism causes an abscess within the bone and pus forms within the bone. Symptoms include: fever, chills, pain. Sometimes this condition requires amputation.

osteomyelitis

Pathologies of the bone Osteoporosis- bone becomes increasingly porous due to loss of calcium Happens to women more than men Sedintary lifestyle and lack of calcium in the diet can cause osteoporosis. Bones can become brittle and break “help I’ve fallen and can’t get up!”

osteoporosis

Pathologies of the bone Congenital deformaties Club foot- talipes equinovarus when the foot is adducted on one or both sides. Osteogenisis imperfecta- brittle bones disease is caused by a mutation in the gene that affects the cells responsible for producing collegen. Scoliosis- curvature of the spine caused by congenital defect, poor nutrition, poor posture.

Club foot

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Pathologies of bone Rickets- Rickets is the softening and weakening of bones in children, usually because of an extreme and prolonged vitamin D deficiency.

rickets

Gorham's disease Gorham's disease (pronounced GOR-amz), also known as Gorham vanishing bone disease and phantom bone disease,[2] is a very rare skeletal condition of unknown cause, characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of distended, thin-walled vascular or lymphatic channels within bone, which leads to resorption and replacement of bone  Current treatments are experimental only.

Gorham's

Pathologies of bone Paget's disease of bone is a condition that affects the way your bone breaks down and rebuilds (metabolizes). In Paget's disease of bone, the rate at which old bone is broken down and new bone is formed becomes distorted. Over time, the affected bones may become fragile and misshapen.

pagets

Break a leg! bye