1. SKELETAL SYSTEM Principles of Health Science
Dr. Halbert

2. Adult human has 206 bones

3. Functions Framework Protection Levers Production of blood cells
Storage of calcium

4. Parts of a long bone Diaphysis: long shaft
Epiphysis: two ends of the bone
Medullary Canal: canal in the diaphysis
Yellow marrow: fills the medullary canal, mainly fat cells
Red marrow: produces blood cells
Endosteum: membrane that lines the medullary canal
Periosteum: membrane covering outside of bone, contains blood vessels and osteoblasts

5. Axial Skeleton Forms the main trunk of the body
Composed of skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum

6. Appendicular Skeleton
Forms the extremities
Composed of the shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle, arms, legs

7. Cranium Spherical structure that surrounds and protects the brain
Frontal bone (1)
Parietal bone (2)
Temporal bone (2)
Occipital bone (1)

8. Fontanels “soft spots”
Allows for enlargement of the skull as brain growth occurs

9. Sutures
Areas where cranial bones have joined together

10. Sinuses
Air spaces in the bones of the skull that act as resonating chambers for the voice

11. Foramina
Openings in the bone that allow nerves and blood vessels to enter or leave the bone

12. Vertebrae
Make up the spinal column
There are 26 vertebrae

13. Ribs
12 pair
Attach to thoracic vertebrae

14. True ribs
First seven pair
Attach directly to the sternum

15. False ribs
The next 5 pair of ribs that do not attach to the sternum

16. Floating ribs
The last two pair of false ribs that have no attachment to the front of the body

17. Sternum
Breastbone
Manubrium
Gladiolus (body)
Xiphoid process

18. Shoulder Girdle
Clavicles: collarbone
Scapula: shoulder bone

19. Arm bones Humerus: upper arm Radius: lower arm bone on thumb side
Ulna: larger bone of the forearm

20. Bones of wrist/hands Carpals: wrist bones
Metacarpals: palm of the hand
Phalanges: fingers

21. Pelvic Girdle
Os coxae: hip bones
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis

22. Leg bones
Femur: thigh bone
Patella: kneecap
Tibia & Fibula: lower leg

23. Ankle/Foot Bones Tarsals: ankle bones Metatarsals: instep of foot
Phalanges: toes

24. Joints Joints: Where 2 or more bones come together
Ligaments: connective tissue bands that help hold long bones together

25. Type of joints Diarthrosis: freely movable, example: knee, elbow
Amphiarthrosis: slightly movable, example: ribs to thoracic vertebrae
Synarthrosis: immovable joint, example:
cranium

26. Diseases Arthritis: inflammation of the joints
Bursitis: inflammation of the bursa
Sprain: twisting action tears the ligaments at a joint
Dislocation: when a bone is forcibly displaced from a joint

27. Other Diseases
Osteomyelitis: bone inflammation usually caused by a pathogenic organism

28. Osteoporosis
Softening of the bone caused by low calcium, hormone deficiency, sedentary lifestyle
Prone to fractures

29. Ruptured disk
Intervertebral disk ruptures or protrudes out of place and puts pressure on the spinal cord.

30. Abnormal curvatures of spine
Kyphosis: hunchback
Lordosis: swayback
Scoliosis: side to side curvature of the spine

31. Fractures
Crack or break in a bone

32. Greenstick fracture
When a bone is bent and split, causing an crack or incomplete break

33. Simple or closed fracture
Complete break of the bone without damage to the skin

34. Compound or open fracture
Bone breaks and ruptures through the skin, increasing the risk of infection

35. Comminuted fracture
Bone fragments into more that two pieces

36. Spiral fracture
Twists resulting in one or more fractures

37. Depressed fracture
Broken piece of skull bone moves inward

38. Colles Caused by falling on an outstretched hand
Breaking and dislocation of the distal radius

40. Image Citations
Slide 5: 1/7/06, skeltw2,
Slide 8: 1/7/06, Delmar Learning’s Medical terminology Image Library, Second Edition. Version 1.0. ISBN:
Slide 11: 1/7/06, Cranium,
Slide 12: 1/7/06,
Slide 13: 1/7/06, Normal skull of the newborn, ages/Skull1resize.gif
Slide 14: 1/7/06, Sinusitis, s.jpg
Slide 15: 1/7/06, Foramina, s.clayton.edu/biology/biol1151L/lab05/skull_whole/foramina- small.jpg
Slide 17: 1/7/06, The Ribs,

41. Image Citations
Slide 18 & 19: 1/7/06, True Ribs, /fronttrue.jpg
Slide 20: 1/7/06, Floating Ribs, /backfloating.jpg
Slide 21: 1/7/06,
Slide 22: 1/7/06, ulder/clavicle.html
Slide 23: 1/7/06, Bones of the arm, nesArm.jpg
Slide 24: 1/7/06, Bone and Joint Structure,
Slide 25: 1/7/06, Pelvis, odp.co.uk/images/Pelvis.JPG

42. Image Citations
Slide 26: 1/7/06,
Slide 27: 1/7/06, Tarsal and metatarsal bones,
Slide 31: 1/7/06, Chronic Osteomyelitis of the Humerus,
Slide 32: 1/7/06, What is osteoporosis?,
Slide 33: 1/7/06, Ruptured Disc, images/ruptured-mri-side.jpg
Slide 34: 1/7/06, scoliosis.com/images/srs/p-fig5ab.jpg
Slide 34: 1/7/06,
Slide 34: 1/7/06, main.jpg
Slide 37: 1/7/06, Closed fracture of the radius,
Slide 38: 1/7/06, fracture, injury, medicine,

43. Image Citations
Slide 40: 1/7/06, Spiral fracture of the femur,
Slide 41: 1/7/06, Colles fracture, bones/colles-fracture.gif
Slide 42: The Mammalian, Skeletonhttp://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/S/Sk eleton.gif