Parts of Speech PARTS OF SPEECH! If you pretend that the English language is like an apple, this would be the apple core. Everything begins with… Can you guess? That’s right! PARTS OF SPEECH!

The Great Eight Part of Speech Function Examples Noun Thing or person pen, dog, work, music, town, London, teacher, John Verb Action or state (to) be, have, do, like, work, sing, can, must Adjective Describes a noun 2, some, good, big, red, well, interesting Adverb Describes a verb quickly, silently, well, badly, very, really Pronoun Replaces a noun I, you, he, she, some Preposition Links a noun to another word to, at, after, on, but Conjunction Joins sentences or words and, but, when Interjection Short exclamation oh!, ouch!, hi!, well

NOUNS Nouns = Names Let’s start at the beginning. Nouns are words that NAME things. Nouns = Names There are FOUR types of nouns: Common Nouns Proper Nouns Collective Nouns Abstract Nouns

NOUNS COMMON NOUNS These are the easiest – they are everywhere! Common nouns provide names for everyday, ordinary objects. BALLOONS   COW  GLASSES

NOUNS PROPER NOUNS These give names to specific things – places, names of peoples or things. Proper nouns are easy to spot! They begin with capital letters.  Miss Potgieter The Eiffel Tower 

NOUNS COLLECTIVE NOUNS These are words used to name groups of things. It is not a plural, but the name for a group of plurals.  FLOCK OF DUCKS PACK OF DOGS 

NOUNS  HAPPINESS ABSTRACT NOUNS These are the names given to those things you cannot physically see or touch, such as feelings.  LOVE  HAPPINESS

VERBS Now that you know all about nouns, you need to know what to DO with them! That’s where verbs come in. They are doing/action words. Verbs also come in different shapes and sizes and this is what you will need to know. The Infinitive The Regular Verb The Auxillary and the Participle

VERBS THE INFINITIVE This is where verbs are born. The verb simply exists. It does not relate to a specific subject or object. You can easily identify them by looking for the word “to” that stands before it. *TO JUMP* *TO SING* *TO BREATHE* *TO WISH* *TO EAT* *TO BE* *TO FEEL* *TO SMILE* *TO LAUGH*

VERBS THE REGULAR VERB There isn’t really such a thing as normal. If verbs could be boring, this is what they would look like. They control themselves and do not need help to function. They are pretty straightforward. Kate talks to James Kate talked to James # We will look at tenses in more detail a bit later on.

VERBS THE AUXILLARY AND THE PARTICIPLE This is a bit more tricky, but you’re smart. I know you’ll get this! Sometimes verbs need a little help in order to make sense. Meet the helping/auxillary verb. Kate is talking to James Kate has talked to James Do you see the difference from our regular verb?

VERBS When we use an auxillary verb something interesting happens. It’s as if the verb is suddenly split into two parts. The first is called the auxillary, but what is the second part called? That’s right! The participle. Have a look: Kate is talking to James Kate has talked to James The two halves (auxillary + participle) together form the verb!

ADJECTIVES Do you remember the four nouns you have learned about: Common nouns Proper nouns Collective nouns Abstract nouns Just think about how boring and vague sentences would be if we didn’t describe nouns! There is a big difference between: a YOUNG woman and an OLD woman Don’t you agree? What do we call the words that describe nouns? ADJECTIVES  Adjectives can be used to describe ANY type of noun.

ADVERBS You know that you can describe nouns. Next we will learn about describing verbs. We don’t just DO things, we do things in a specific way: Time Place Manner These are the names of the different types of adverbs that we get.

ADVERBS Adverbs of TIME These refer to when you do certain things “Yesterday I eagerly gulped down my cereal upstairs.” It also includes for how long or how often you did something. Adverbs of PLACE These refer to where you do certain things They are usually placed after the main verb or after the object. Adverbs of MANNER These refer to how you do certain things It usually ends in -ly.

PRONOUNS Pronouns allow us to replace nouns with other words so that the sentence is not awkward or “lumpy”. There are four types you’ll need to know: Personal Interrogative Reflexive Demonstrative

PRONOUNS PERSONAL pronouns replace *people, places, things and ideas* Jane enjoys eating chocolate = She enjoys eating chocolate Paris is beautiful = It is beautiful He She It We They

INTERROGATIVE pronouns pose questions How? Who? What? Where? When? Which?

PRONOUNS REFLEXIVE pronouns “reflect” the person to whom the pronoun refers. Imagine a mirror… What would you see? yourSELF himSELF herSELF themSELVES ourSELVES

PRONOUNS DEMONSTRATIVE pronouns refer to the thing you would be pointing at. That This These Those

-Next to-Over-Above-Beneath-Under-Against- PREPOSITIONS Just by looking at the word PREPOSITION, we learn something about it. Prepositions tell us the position of one thing in relation to another. Imagine you have been given a box. You can move around it and all the words describing where you are in relation to the box is a preposition. -Next to-Over-Above-Beneath-Under-Against- You get the idea!

CONJUNCTIONS because and Conjunctions are words that join two parts of a sentence. I was exhausted. because I had stayed up too late the night before. We went to the beach and swam the whole day There are others too – but, although, so, as long as, since

INTERJECTIONS Interjections are small words that bear no grammatical connection with the sentences in which they are used. They express the emotions or sentiments of the speaker or convey hesitation or protest. They are usually followed by an exclamation mark. #Oh! #Oops! #Ouch! #Wow! #Yay!

Parts of Speech Well, there you go! You’ve carefully studied the core of the English language. This is just the first step in a journey peeling away the layers of this English apple. Let’s see you put what you know into practice!