Foreign Policy, North Carolina Economics Unit 7 Foreign Policy, North Carolina Economics
Chapter 24 American Foreign Policy Section 1: What is foreign policy? Plans related to other nations. Outlines goals the U.S. hopes to meet in its relations with other countries.
Foreign Policy Goals National Security Stop Terrorism - The ability to keep a nation safe from harm; Mainly focuses on the threat of war and working to avoid war. Stop Terrorism - Safeguarding the U.S. and American interest overseas
Foreign Policy Goals 3. World Peace - Countries working together to prevent war. 4. Trade - Increasing markets for American goods and services, earning profits for our businesses. 5. Human Rights & Democracy - Encouraging all countries to respect the human rights of freedom, justice, and equality.
Tools of Foreign Policy Defense - Deterrence: Keeping a strong defense to discourage aggression by others Alliances Military, political, and economics alliances OAS – Organization of American States NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization OECD – Organization of Economic Development Diplomacy Relations and communications carried out between countries. Used to accomplish certain complex tasks
NATO Member Countries
Tools of Foreign Policy 4. Foreign Aid - A program of giving military or economic help to countries. - Can support American policy goals by strengthening governments and political groups that are friendly with the U.S. 5. Trade Measures - Goals – to get countries to buy American goods and to get our trade partners to support our foreign policy goals. - Quota: States how much foreign product can be sold in the U.S. - Tariff: A tax on foreign product sold in the U.S. - Sanctions: Measures to stop or limit trade with another nation in order to change its behavior 6. Intelligence - CIA: focuses mostly on countries it thinks might be unfriendly and tries to learn what the governments of these countries intend to do. - DHS: analyzes terrorism-related reports from the CIA - FBI, NSA, etc.
Section 2: Making Foreign Policy Executive Branch President: Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces, Chief Diplomat Sets defense policies, meets with leaders of other countries, makes treaties and executive agreements, appoints ambassadors Department of the State – 16,000 officials Advises the President on Foreign Policy Secretary of State Represents the U.S. at meetings
National Security Council Department of Defense Advises the President on which weapons to make and where to place military bases and troops National Security Council Advises the President on the country’s safety.
Role of Congress Senate: Congress: Approve and reject treaties Approve President’s choices for diplomatic corps Congress: Declare war
Role of Private Groups Businesses Labor Groups Political Groups Have a direct interest if they trade with other nations Labor Groups Aim to protect American jobs Political Groups Individual Citizens Being better informed helps citizens make better decisions regarding foreign policy
Section 3 Foreign Policy in Action Early Years the US practiced isolationism Limits our relations with other countries as much as possible Neutrality- not taking sides in wars between other countries
Monroe Doctrine December 1823- President James Monroe When nations attempted to colonize any lands in North or South America the US would view it as an act of aggression and require US retaliation (Told European Nations to stay out of the Western Hemisphere)
World War I The US at first was neutral but eventually declared war against Germany and joined the Allies
WWII The End of Isolationism After WWII the US was the richest and most powerful country in the world and should play a role in keeping world peace
The Cold War Soviet Union took control of several Eastern European Countries Containment- using military power and money to prevent the spread of communism Began with economic aid but led to military aid Examples (Cuban Missile Crisis, Korean War, Vietnam War)
Cold War Cooperation During the 1970s there was a period of détente where tensions eased between the US and Soviet Union The Cold War ended when the Soviet Union in 1991 transitioned to a democracy and market economy
Eastern Europe The US helped Eastern European countries establish democratic and market economies The Czech Republic, Poland, and Hungary were all invited to join NATO in 1999
Relations with China Trade with China has increased although their treatment of citizens has outraged Americans Tiananmen Square Massacre
Today’s Challenges Economic Challenges Middle Eastern Oil Nations Unbalanced US trade with Japan and China They buy far less of our goods than we buy of theirs Middle Eastern Oil Nations Foreign Policy in the Middle East will continue to be impacted by Oil Latin America Most have weak democratic governments
Today’s challenges Eastern Europe Africa Standard of living is low, civil wars like those in Bosnia and Serbia, and 3 former Soviet States still have nuclear weapons Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Belarus Africa Contain some of the poorest nations in the world, political instability, civil wars, and disease.
Chapter 25 One Nation Among Many
Section 1: The Nations of the World What is a nation? A nation is a group of people who share a language, a history, and an identity. Characteristics: Sovereignty: The power to make and carry out laws within a nation’s borders. Duty: to protect the interests of the nation as a whole
Economic Development The Developed World The Developing World Heavily industrialized; High standard of living; The poor are a minority of the population The Developing World Most people are poor; Many are hungry; It is hard for them to get education; Some nations do not have enough jobs for those who need work The Results of Having Been Colonies Most developing nations were once colonies; Their resources were use to improve the wealth of colonial powers instead of improving life in the colony
Section 2 Relations Among and Within Nations Causes of Conflict: Conflict over beliefs and values Territorial and environmental conflict Racial and ethnic conflict Conflict over political power
Cooperation among Nations Trade Regional trade organizations have been formed to break down barriers. EU, ASEAN, OAS, OAU, NAFTA, Providing Aid Humanitarian relief efforts Aid used during emergencies Promoting Peace Balance of Power: the threat that one superpower’s military strength might be used against another’s
Section 3: The Challenge of Interdependence The United Nations - 191 member nations Security Council Has the power to take action to keep the peace and help settle conflicts that break out General Assembly Each member nation has a vote Can make resolutions and recommendations that can lead to international agreements Secretariat The UN Bureaucracy (Structure of departments) Translate documents, prepare reports, provide services at the UN councils and agencies 25,000 workers at the UN offices in Geneva, Vienna, Nairobi, Rome, and The Hague (Netherlands)
The United Nations Economic and Social Council Works to improve standards of living UNESCO (Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization) Supports education, science, art, culture, and communications International Court of Justice 15 judges from 15 countries Only 62 countries have agreed to accept the courts rulings The US does not accept all the Court’s decisions as binding. Trusteeship Council Suspended operation in 1994 when the last remaining trust territory gained independence. Trust territories were created after WWII to help govern the territories until they could become independent nations
Nongovernmental Organizations Some protect political and economic rights The Red Cross helps victims of war and natural disasters Private groups Doctors Without Borders provides medical care to war and disaster victims worldwide
Impact of Organizations Countries are most willing to work together when it does not mean giving up power. Countries tend to cooperate best in smaller, regional organizations These members usually have more in common