1. Chapter 14: Foreign Policy

2. REMEMBER: Your WRITTEN portion of your final will be on FRIDAY (12/15)
Bell Work
Summarize amendments 1-10 (pg. 282)
Write down amendment 14 and 19 in your own words (look them up)
You will have a quiz on amendments 1-10, 14 and 19 on Wednesday (12/13)
REMEMBER: Your WRITTEN portion of your final will be on FRIDAY (12/15)
Sit in your assigned seats today…we have a lot to do in the next 4 days.

3. The Basics
Foreign Policy – Nation’s set of plans and procedures for dealing with foreign countries
Foreign Policies differ from nation to nation
5 Goals for U.S. Foreign Policy
1.) National Security
2.) Establishing open trade
3.) Promoting world peace and a healthy environment
4.) Supporting democracy
5.) Providing aid to people in need

4. The Foreign Policy Bureaucracy
Remember, a bureaucracy is a highly organized administrative structure that carries out policy on a day to day basis, regardless of changes in leadership

5. Department of State
The most important foreign-policy agency is the Department of State, which manages all international relations and diplomatic efforts within the executive departments.
Department of State works largely overseas
20,000 employees from the Department of State are overseas
Job is to carry out U.S. foreign policy and relay information about other countries to U.S. policymakers

6. Department of Defense and the CIA
Supervises U.S. military actions and advises the president on related issues.
The department heads are the Secretary of Defense and are the leaders of every branch of the military, known as the Joint Chiefs of Staff
CIA
Third major player in U.S. foreign policy
Through both transparent and covert activities, the CIA collects and analyzes information about other nations

7. Domestic Influences
While creating legislation concerning foreign policy, policymakers may feel pressured by constituents and by their own political party. Lobbyists can also influence policymakers.

8. The President and Foreign Policy
The President - Nation’s foreign policy leader
President can make decisions faster than Congress, so many foreign policy decisions are up to him.
Has the power to negotiate treaties or agreements with other nations
Issues foreign policy statements called presidential doctrines that guide foreign policy
Makes informal agreements with heads of other nations (executive agreements)
Diplomatic recognition – formally recognizing a government
Can initiate short-term military actions – must keep in communication with Congress because of War Powers Resolution in 1973

9. Congress and Foreign Policy
Can introduce resolutions concerning foreign policy
Example: War powers resolution
President must consult with Congress before and during any possible armed conflict
President can act without Congress, but must address Congress within 24 hrs
Troops must be withdrawn within 60 days if Congress does not declare war or authorize force
Holds “power of the purse” – control of national security budget, foreign aid, etc.
Provides advice and oversight to the executive branch

10. 14.3: International Institutions and Foreign Policy

11. The United Nations
Formed in 1945 after World War II*** - Remember that
192 member nations are a part of the United Nations
Goals of the United Nations
1.) Maintain international peace and security
2.) Develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for equal rights and self-determination of peoples
3.) Achieve international cooperation in solving economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems
4.)Act as a center for harmonizing member nation’s actions
Came up with the universal declaration of human rights, which states that fundamental human rights are to be universally protected 

12. 6 Major Divisions of the U.N.
General Assembly
All 192 nations are a part of the general assembly
Meet to discuss and vote on what to do about important international matters
All votes and their consequences are advisory, not binding
Security Council
15 member nations responsible for maintaining international peace and security
Can impose economic sanctions or collective military action
5 permanent members: China, France, Russian Federation, United Kingdom and the U.S. (The countries who were victorious post-WWII)

13. 6 Major Divisions of the U.N.
Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
Coordinates dozens of nongovernmental organizations
Works to increase living standards in developing countries and universal respect for human rights
The International Court of Justice (ICJ), or World Court
Issue final, binding verdicts in regards to international law
Trusteeship Council
Meets only on an as needed basis as trust territories are a thing of the past
Trust territories – colonies or territories that are placed under administration by another country or countries
Secretariat
Coordinates UN efforts
Think glorified secretaries/managers of the United Nations

14. Other International Institutions
World Trade Organization’s (WTO)
Promotes equal-access and trade with few restrictions among nations
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Loans money to countries in debt
World Bank
Assists developing nations meet specific goals (agriculture, roads, etc)
International Criminal Court (ICC), and International Court of Justice(World Court)
Prosecutes individuals accused of genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity

15. U.S. Foreign Policy Challenges 1800s to Present day
1823: President Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine
America remains neutral during European conflicts – isolationist
Late 1800s: U.S. becomes a strong, industrialized nation
1898: Start of the Spanish-American War ends the Monroe Doctrine
: WWI, WWII,
U.S. ends up being very involved in both wars
Getting involved was heavily debated before going to war

16. U.S. Foreign Policy Challenges 1800s to Present day
1945: Post WWII
WWII solidified U.S.’s place on the international stage
Isolationism was no longer an option
Engages in deterrence – building up military forces to discourage aggression from other nations. Still used today.
The Cold War:
Truman Doctrine focused on containment, or keeping communist countries from spreading their ideals to other countries
Korean War, Cuban Missile Crisis, Vietnam War
Détente – easing of strained relations
period of improved relations between the United States and the Soviet Union that began tentatively in 1971 

17. U.S. Foreign Policy Challenges 1800s to Present day
Post-Cold War era goals:
Achieving peace in the Middle East
Combatting terrorism
Terrorist attacks Sept. 11, 2001