1. American Foreign Policy
What’s our place in the world?

2. GOALS & TOOLS OF FOREIGN POLICY
WHAT IS FOREIGN POLICY?
GOALS & TOOLS OF FOREIGN POLICY

3. First things first…
Foreign policy – a government’s plan that outlines the goals it hopes to meet in its relations with other countries
Sets forth the variety of ways these goals are to be met

4. GOALS OF FOREIGN POLICY
The United states wants to protect citizens’ safety, seeks to promote prosperity and strives to work for peace and democracy in other countries.
5 main goals:
National security
Stop terrorism
World peace
Trade
Human rights & democracy

5. National security
NATIONAL SECURITY – THE ABILITY TO KEEP THE NATION SAFE FROM HARM
FOCUSES ON THE THREAT OF WAR (WAR IS THE BIGGEST THREAT TO ANY NATION’S NATIONAL SECURITY RIGHT?)
Helps determine how we should deal with other nations
Every part of American foreign policy has to do with maintaining our national security

6. President Obama’s former security council members

7. Stop terrorism
As we know, terrorists use violence to intimidate/coerce societies or governments
American foreign policy:
Stop terrorism in order to keep AMERICA SAFE
WORKS TO SAFEGAURD AMERICAN FOREIGN INTERESTS OVERSEAS

9. World peace Wars anywhere can be a threat to people everywhere
Persuade countries to work together as a way to prevent war
If other nations are at peace, there is little chance that the united states can be drawn into a conflict
i.e. league of nations after wwi & united nations after wwii

10. UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL

11. TRADE We are a part of the global economy
Trade is a necessity for the united states
Trade creates markets for American goods and services…and earns profits for our businesses
Maintain trade, but also access to natural resources

13. HUMAN RIGHTS & DEMOCRACY
Encourage all countries to respect the basic human rights of freedom, justice & equality
Americans believe the best way to achieve said goal is through a democracy
PROBLEM BECOMES, TO WHAT EXTENT DOES THE US DEAL WITH NATIONS WHO VIOLATE HUMAN RIGHTS? (I.E. CHINA, SUMMER OLYMPICS)

14. Tools of foreign policy
So how does the united states achieve its foreign policy goals?
6 main ways:
Defense
Alliances
Diplomacy
Foreign aid
Trade measures
INTELLIGENCE

15. defense AMERICAN MILITARY IS THE MAIN WAY THAT WE DEFEND OURSELVES
Aggression – Attack or threat of attack by another country
DETERRENCE – Keeping a strong defense to discourage aggression by other nations

16. alliances
THE US FORMS MILITARY, POLITICAL, AND ECONOMIC ALLIANCES WITH OTHER NATIONS:
M: NATO – North ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION
P: OAS – ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES (NORTH, CENTRAL & SOUTH AMERICA)
E: OECD – ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT (30 MEMBERS; WORK TOGETHER TO AID DEVELOPING NATIONS THROUGH TRADE)

17. DIPLOMACY
DIPLOMACY – RELATIONS AND COMMUNICATIONS CARRIED OUT BETWEEN COUNTRIES
USUALLY CARRIED OUT BY THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE, ALTHOUGH SOMETIMES THERE IS A SUMMIT MEETING – WHERE THE PRESIDENT TALKS ABOUT IMPORTANT ISSUES WITH HEADS OF OTHER GOVERNMENTS
FORMAL AGREEMENTS (TREATIES) CAN BE USED TO ACCOMPLISH EVERYTHING FROM BUILDING CANALS TO SPACE STATIONS

18. FOREIGN AID
FOREIGN AID – A PROGRAM OF GIVING MILITARY AND ECONOMIC HELP TO OTHER COUNTRIES
SINCE WWII, WE’VE GIVEN MORE THAN $500 BILLION (WITH A ‘B’) TO OVER 100 COUNTRIES
ECONOMIC AID TAKES MANY FORMS – US MIGHT PAY FOR A HOSPITAL OR A DAM TO CONTROL FLOODS OR PRODUCE ELECTRICITY

20. FOREIGN AID…CONTINUED
PRO
IT’S OUR DUTY TO HELP POORER NATIONS
IF WE DON’T GIVE AID, COUNTRIES MIGHT TURN TO OTHER, NON-FRIENDLY-TO-THE-US COUNTRIES FOR AID
CON
SOME ARGUE THAT WE SHOULD SOLVE PROBLEMS AT HOME FIRST
SOME ARGUE THAT THE AID WE GIVE MAY GO TO GOVERNMENTS THAT VIOLATE HUMAN RIGHTS

21. TRADE MEASURES
TRADE MEASURES – TERMS UNDER WHICH THE US TRADES WITH OTHER COUNTRIES
QUOTA – STATES HOW MUCH OF FOREIGN PRODUCT CAN BE SOLD IN THE US
TARIFF – TAX ON FOREIGN PRODUCTS SOLD IN THE US
SANCTIONS – MEASURES TO STOP/LIMIT TRADE WITH ANOTHER NATION IN ORDER TO CHANGE ITS BEHAVIOR
SANCTIONS ON IRAN
SANCTIONS ON CUBA SINCE THE COLD WAR!

23. INTELLIGENCE
INTELLIGENCE – INFORMATION ABOUT ANOTHER COUNTRY AND WHAT ITS GOVERNMENT PLANS ARE
CIA – GATHERS INFORMATION AND FOCUSES MOSTLY ON COUNTRIES THAT ARE UNFRIENDLY TO THE US AND TRIES TO PREDICT HOW THESE COUNTRIES WILL REACT TO US POLICIES
DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY, FBI, NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY, ETC.

24. WHO MAKES FOREIGN POLICY?
EXECUTIVE BRANCH, CONGRESS & PRIVATE GROUPS

25. THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH THE PRESIDENT DEPARTMENT OF STATE
SETS DEFENSE POLICIES, MEETS WITH LEADERS OR OTHER NATIONS AND MAKES TREATIES AND EXECUTIVE AGREEMENTS
APPOINTS AMBASSADERS
DON’T MAKE DECISIONS ALONE:
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
ADVISES THE PRESIDENT AS WELL AS CARRIES OUT FOREIGN POLICY DECISIONS
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
ADVISES THE PRESIDENT (I.E. WHICH WEAPONS TO MAKE AND WHERE TO PLACE MILITARY BASES)
NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL
ADVISES THE PRESIDENT ON THE COUNTRY’S SAFETY – CALLED UPON WHEN US SECURITY SEEMS IN DANGER

26. CONGRESS SENATE HAS THE POWER TO APPROVE OR REJECT TREATIES
SENATE MUST APPROVE THE PRESIDENT’S CHOICE FOR THE DIPLOMATIC CORPS
CONGRESS IS THE ONLY BRANCH THAT CAN DECLARE WAR
SENATE FOREIGN RELATIONS COMMITTEE, HOUSE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS COMMITTEE & THE ARMED SERVICES COMMITTEE
HOLD HEARINGS, WRITE/STUDY BILLS THAT AFFECT OUR RELATIONS WITH OTHER COUNTRIES

27. PRIVATE GROUPS BUSINESS GROUPS LABOR GROUPS POLITICAL GROUPS
BUSINESSES THAT TRADE WITH OTHER NATIONS HAVE A DIRECT INTEREST IN FOREIGN POLICY
LABOR GROUPS
WANT TO PROTECT AMERICAN JOBS
WANT EXECUTIVE & LEGISLATIVE BRANCH MEMBERS TO PROTECT JOBS BY LIMITING OR TAXING CERTAIN IMPORTS (FOR EXAMPLE)
POLITICAL GROUPS
CUBAN AMERICANS – EVEN THOUGH THE US LIFTED THE CUBAN EMBARGO, RESTRICTING TRADE AND TRAVEL IS STILL IN PLACE, PARTIALLY BECAUSE OF STRONG CUBAN-AMERICAN SUPPORT
INDIVIDUAL CITIZENS
RUNNING FOR OFFICE, VOTING FOR A CANDIDATE, WRITING TO YOUR CONGRESSMEN, ETC.

28. SO FOR INTSANCE…
THE INTERNATIONAL WHALING COMMISSION (IWC) BANNED COMMERCIAL WHALING IN THE 1980S
ICELAND (WHOSE ECONOMY DEPENDED ON WHALING), JAPAN (WHERE WHALES ARE A DELICACY) AND NORWAY REFUSE TO GO ALONG WITH THE BAN

29. SO FOR INSTANCE…CONTINUED
EXECUTIVE BRANCH – THE PRESIDENT MAY ASK THEIR CHIEF OF STAFF TO INVESITGATE THE SITUATION; CHIEF OF STAFF DISCUSSES IT WITH OTHER WHITE HOUSE STAFF AND THE SECRETARY OF STATE
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE – US HAS BASES IN ICELAND (AS WELL AS JAPAN AND NORWAY) SO THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE MAY WARN THE PRESIDENT THAT IF TRADE IS CUT OFF, ICELAND MAY CLOSE THESE BASES
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE – HAS A DIVISION SOLELY RESPONISBLE FOR PROTECTING MARINE LIFE AND REPRESENTS THE US ON THE IWC
BUSINESS GROUPS – ENVIRONMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS MAY CONVINCE SEVERAL AMERICAN RESTAURANT CHAINS TO BOYCOTT ICELANDIC FISH
INDIVIDUAL CITIZENS – PRESSURE FROM CITIZENS ON THEIR CONGRESSMENT TRANSLATED TO PRESSURE ON ICELAND AND ICELAND DID IN FACT AGREE TO GO ALONG WITH THE IWC BAN RAHTER THAN LOSE THE AMERICAN FISH MARKET

30. FOREIGN POLICY IN ACTION
THROUGH WWII, THE COLD WAR & TODAY

31. FOREIGN POLICY – WWII ISOLATIONISM EXPANSION WWI WWII
REALLY FOCUS ON THE US; WAR OF 1812 AND THEN OF COURSE THE MONROE DOCTRINE STRETCHES US TO DEAL WITH LATIN AMERICAN ISSUES
EXPANSION
SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR AND TEDDY ROOSEVELT
WWI
CHANGE POLICY FROM ISOLATIONISM TOWARDS EUROPE; AFTER THE WAR A “RETURN TO NORMALCY”
WWII
TRIED TO STAY OUT, BUT THEN DECEMBER 7, 1941
POST-WAR – COLD WAR BEGINS; ISOLATIONISM IS OFFICIALLY OVER

32. FOREIGN POLICY – COLD WAR
CONTAINMENT
USE MILITARY AND MONEY TO PREVENT THE SPREAD COMMUNISM
Begins with Truman
pulls us into Korea & Vietnam
COOPERATION
Détente – loosening of tensions between the us & Ussr
1970s-1980s
Reagan & intermediate-range nuclear forces treaty (inf)
END OF COLD WAR
Who’s our enemy now?
Help eastern Europe establish democratic governments and markets

33. FOREIGN POLICY – TODAY WAR ON TERRORISM
SEPTEMBER 11, 2001
WAR IN AFGHANISTAN
WAR IN IRAQ
ISIS
WHAT YOU’RE GOING TO BE INVESTIGATING!
Asia
Eastern Europe
Latin America
North Africa
Russia
South America
Southeast Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa