ATP, Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration 1

Living things need energy to survive and function. 2 Living things need energy to survive and function. You get the energy you need from the food you eat. Where does that energy come from? Sun  Plants  You !!!

You must eat food to get energy (you are a heterotroph). When you breakdown your food you store the energy in the bonds of ATP. Plants can make their own food (they are autotrophs). Plants store sunlight energy in the chemical bonds of glucose (a carbohydrate). ATP 3 glucose

ATP: Energy Storage WHAT IS ATP? 4 Universal Energy Molecule The cell’s “Energy Bank” Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Consist of a sugar called ribose N containing Adenine Three phosphate groups

5 ATP Adenine Ribose 3 Phosphate groups

When the energy is used the ATP is converted into ADP 6 P P ADP ATP Partially charged battery Fully charged battery The Bonds between the phosphate groups in ATP are VERY HIGH ENERGY. When a phosphate group is removed-energy is released CLIP

Using ATP in Active Transport Animation 7 Using ATP in Active Transport Animation

ATP Cell can make ATP from ADP by using the energy from carbohydrates. 8 Cell can make ATP from ADP by using the energy from carbohydrates. This means that the energy in carbohydrates is then stored in ATP until needed by cells. Breaking down Carbohydrates releases energy ADP ATP Energy from the Carbohydrates is stored in ATP!!!

9 . ATP is the major energy link between energy-using and energy releasing reactions. CLIP

Trapping Energy 10 glucose Clip

Plants store sunlight energy in Glucose! Photosynthesis is the process by which plants: 11 Use sunlight, carbon dioxide & water Produce high energy carbohydrates such as sugars (glucose) &starches. Plants store sunlight energy in Glucose!

Where does photosynthesis take place? 12

Leaf Structure The leaves of plants: a.stomata b.cells CO2 13 Photosynthesis Location: The leaves of plants: a.stomata b.cells Cell Chloroplast Stomata Goes in CO2

The Internal Structure of a Leaf 14 The Internal Structure of a Leaf Section 23-4 CO2 enters through the stomata Epidermis Chloroplasts Stomata Goes in Guard cells CO2

Chloroplasts are only found in photosynthetic, eukaryotic cells. Chloroplast Structure Chloroplasts are only found in photosynthetic, eukaryotic cells. 15 Using the energy from the sunlight, chloroplasts are able to form ATP as well as synthesizing sugars from H20 & CO2.

Chloroplast Structure 16 Organelle where photosynthesis takes place. Stroma Outer Membrane Thylakoid Inner Membrane

Chloroplast Structure Chloroplast Picture 17

Things to know about Chloroplasts Have a double membrane the inner membrane the outer membrane Have their own DNA this carries the information to make the enzymes 18.1

Things to know about Chloroplasts Have a double membrane the inner membrane the outer membrane Have their own DNA this carries the information to make the enzymes Have their own ribosomes more like the ribosomes of prokaryotes than eukaryotes make their own enzymes required for photosynthesis require carbon dioxide and water produce glucose Contain chlorophyll this green chemical (pigment) "traps" sunlight energy Pigments are molecules that absorb light energy 18.2

19 Plants absorb certain wavelengths of light. Blue and Red. Pigments are molecules that absorb light. Main pigment is Chlorophyll. When they absorb light, they are absorbing Energy. b a 19

Photosynthesis: Products &Reactants 20 Photosynthesis: Products &Reactants SUN SUN Light Energy Chloroplast CO2 + H2O Glucose & O2

Formula For Photosynthesis 6 _____ + 6 ______ +__________ ______ + ______ Reactants Products 21

Photosynthesis Takes Place in 2 Steps. 22

Step 1: Light Dependent Reaction. Energy captured from Sunlight. The light reaction is the photo part of photosynthesis. Step 1: Light Dependent Reaction. Energy captured from Sunlight.  H2O is split into H+, electrons, & Oxygen (O2).  The O2 diffuses out of the Chloroplasts. MADE: O2 , ATP & NADPH. Takes place: Thylakoid 23

This process is known as carbon fixation. The Calvin cycle is the synthesis part of photosynthesis. 24 Step 2: Light Independent Reaction (CALVIN CYCLE). The Chemical Energy Stored in ATP and NADPH is used to make Glucose using CO2. This is a light independent reaction. MADE: Glucose Takes place: Stroma Sunlight Water ATP NADPH Oxygen Step 1: Light Dependent Reaction This process is known as carbon fixation.

25 Photosynthesis: An Overview LIGHT REACTION DARK REACTION-Light Independent Section 8-3 Thylakoid Membrane Stroma Water O2 Sugars CO2 SUNLIGHT Chloroplast Chloroplast NADP+ ADP + P Light- Dependent Reactions Calvin Cycle ATP NADPH Go to Section: 25

Light dependent Reaction Dark Reaction/ Calvin Cycle 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy from sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2 Photosynthesis Occurs in two Steps Light dependent Reaction Dark Reaction/ Calvin Cycle Occurs (location) Occurs (location) Produces Produces Oxygen ATP NADPH Thylakoid Membrane Stroma Glucose 26

PLANTS STORE ENERGY FROM THE SUN IN THE BONDS OF GLUCOSE !!!! CLIP 27

Where does each reactant enter the plant??? 28

Once plants use light energy to form carbohydrates, other organisms, called Heterotrophs, can then use this carbohydrate energy for their own life processes. One way carbohydrate energy is used by organisms is through the process of cellular respiration. Sun  Plants  You!! 29

Major Concept How it’s all connected.

Cellular Respiration 30

Breaking down food for energy. Cellular Respiration Process that occurs in cells in which cells break down Glucose for ENERGY! Occurs in cytoplasm and Mitochondria.  Breaking down food for energy. 31

Cellular Respiration Overview: Plants are producers and make glucose by the process of photosynthesis. Heterotrophs breakdown glucose for energy. There are two important ways a cell can harvest energy from food: fermentation and cellular respiration. 36 Breaking down food for energy. 32

Cellular Respiration Takes Place in 3 Steps. Step 1: Glycolysis Step 2: Krebs Cycle Step 3: Electron Transport 33

Glycolysis does not need oxygen! Step 1: Glycolysis 34 Means “Splitting Glucose” Glycolysis starts with Glucose. Glucose is broken down into 2 molecules called Pyruvate (aka pyruvic acid ). Happens in the Cytoplasm. Clip Glycolysis does not need oxygen!

Mitochondria Anatomy 35 2 membranes Steps 2 & 3 Occur in the Mitochondria Mitochondria Anatomy 2 membranes Own ribosomes Own DNA 35

In the presence of Oxygen: Step 2: Krebs Cycle Step 3: Electron Transport 36 Happens in the Mitochondria Starts with Pyruvate. Pyruvate moves into the mitochondria and is broken down into CO2,H2O & ATP.

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Cellular Respiration Review 38 With oxygen Glucose Krebs cycle Electron transport Glycolysis Alcohol or lactic acid Fermentation (without oxygen) 36 Go to Section:

Breaking down glucose without oxygen 39 Glucose Krebs cycle Electron transport Glycolysis With out oxygen Alcohol or lactic acid Fermentation (without oxygen) Ethanol and Carbon Dioxide Go to Section: Pyruvic Acid Lactic Acid

Fermentation 40 Without oxygen: Pyruvate is converted into Lactic Acid or Alcohol during Fermentation. Lactic Acid- Muscle cells Alcohol- Yeast

41 In the presence of oxygen: 1 Glucose is converted into 36 ATP. Without oxygen: 1 Glucose is converted into 2 ATP. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 => 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 36 ATP

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Photosynthesis vs. Respiration 43 Photosynthesis Respiration produces food stores energy Uses H2O uses CO2 releases O2 occurs in sunlight uses food releases energy Produces H2O produces CO2 uses O2 occurs in the dark as well as light

44 Energy Converters video. Click picture.