2. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to produce high energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches.

3. ATP Universal Energy Molecule Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Consist of –a sugar called ribose –N containing Adenine –Three phosphate groups DRAW A SKETCH!

4. ATP ADP ADP-Adenosine Diphosphate The Phosphate groups in ATP are VERY HIGH ENERGY. When a phosphate group is removed-energy is released. So, energy is STORED in the bonds of ATP. This energy can be used to do cellular activities.

5. To obtain energy to do cellular work, the cell hydrolyzes the ATP, releasing the stored energy and forming ADP and phosphate once again. The energy can then be used to drive reactions.

6. Cell can make ATP from ADP by using the energy from carbohydrates. This means that the energy in carbohydrates is then stored in ATP until needed by cells This process is known as phosphorylation.

7. Phosphorlation: The process of adding a phosphate group to ADP to create ATP. Draw it !

8. ATP AdenineRibose3 Phosphate groups

9. ATP is converted into ADP Partially charged battery Fully charged battery

10. Section 23-4 Epidermis Stomata Guard cells The Internal Structure of a Leaf CO 2 enters through the stomata Chloroplasts

11. Chloroplasts are only found in photosynthetic, eukaryotic cells. Chloroplasts are capable of harnessing energy from the sun's rays of light. Using this energy from the sunlight, chloroplasts are able to form ATP as well as synthesizing sugars from water and carbon dioxide.

12. Chloroplast OrganellephotosynthesisOrganelle where photosynthesis takes place. Granum Thylakoid Stroma Outer Membrane Inner Membrane

13. Thylakoid Thylakoid Membrane Thylakoid Space Granum

14. Chloroplast Picture

15. Things to know about Chloroplasts have a double membrane the inner membrane the outer membrane have their own DNA this carries the information to make the enzymes have their own ribosomes more like the ribosomes of prokaryotes than eukaryotes these are used to synthesize proteins (the enzymes) from amino-acids make their own enzymes required for photosynthesis require carbon dioxide and water produce glucose contain chlorophyll this green chemical "traps" sunlight energy

16. The chloroplast is made up of 3 types of membrane: 1.A smooth outer membrane which is freely permeable to molecules. 2.A smooth inner membrane which contains many transporters 3.A system of thylakoid membranes

17. Plants absorb certain wavelengths of light ______ and _______. ______ are molecules that absorb light. The main pigment is ___________. Two types: ____ ______. When they absorb light, they are absorbing _________. b a

18. Photosynthesis Products and Reactants Products and reactants of photosynthesis are: Reactants: _______ _______ ________ Products: ________ ________ CO 2 + H 2 O Chloroplast Sugars + O 2 Light Energy

19. Formula For Photosynthesis 6 _____ + 6 ______ ______ + ______ Write it in words here:

20. The Process of Photosynthesis does NOT Happen all at Once; rather it occurs in TWO STAGES: STAGE 1: LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS. –Energy is Capture from Sunlight. Water is Split into Hydrogen Ions, Electrons, and Oxygen (O2). The O2 Diffuses out of the Chloroplasts (Byproduct). –The Light Energy is Converted to Chemical Energy, which is Temporarily Stored in ATP and NADPH. STAGE 2: DARK REACTION (CALVIN CYCLE). –The Chemical Energy Stored in ATP and NADPH powers the formation of Organic Compounds (Sugars), Using Carbon Dioxide, CO2. –This is a light Independent reaction. It can happen during the daylight, it just does NOT need to light be completed.

21. Chloroplast Light O2O2 Sugars CO 2 Light- Dependent Reactions Calvin Cycle NADPH ATP ADP + P NADP + Chloroplast Section 8-3 Photosynthesis: An Overview Go to Section: LIGHT REACTIONDARK REACTION Thylakoid MembraneStroma

22. Photosynthesis Overview: Concept Map Photosynthesis Occurs in two Steps Light Reaction Dark Reaction Oxygen ATP NADPH Thylakoid Membrane Glucose Stroma Produces Occurs (location)

23. Photosynthesis includes of take place in takes place in uses to produce use Light- dependent reactions Dark Reaction Thylakoid membranes StromaNADPH ATP Energy from sunlight ATPNADPHO2O2 Chloroplasts Glucose Go to Section: Photosynthesis Concept Map

24. Cellular Respiration We get our energy from the _____ we eat. The unit for energy is the ______. _______ are producers and make ______ by the process of photosynthesis. Heterotrophs breakdown glucose for energy. There are two important ways a cell can harvest energy from food: fermentation and cellular respiration.

25. Glycolysis Means “_________________”Means “_________________” Both pathways start with Glycolysis.Both pathways start with Glycolysis. Glycolysis starts with ________.Glycolysis starts with ________. Glucose is broken down into 2 molecules called Pyruvate.Glucose is broken down into 2 molecules called Pyruvate.

26. Cellular Respiration (Aerobic) In the presence of oxygen: Glycolysis and Electron Transport. (Anaerobic) In the absence of oxygen: Glycolysis

27. Glycolysis literally means "splitting sugars." Glucose, a six carbon sugar, is split into two molecules of a three carbon sugar called _______. In the process, two molecules of ATP and two "high energy" electron carrying molecules are produced called NADH. Glycolysis can occur ______ or _________oxygen.

30. Summary of Glycolysis 1. One glucose (6C) converted into 2 pyruvates (3C). 2. Net yield of 2 ATP for use by cell. 3. Two NAD+ are converted into 2 NADH & 2H+. (Are used later)

32. REVIEW Glycolysis is the first step of reactions that break glucose apart to liberate the energy it holds in its C-H bonds. Glycolysis occurs in the_______________. As a set of reactions, Glycolysis does not need ___________________. Glycolysis occurs in both aerobic (_________) and anaerobic (____________) respiration!

33. Aerobic Respiration

35. Glycolysis does not need oxygen as part of any of its chemical reactions. It serves as a first step in a variety of both aerobic (______)and anaerobic (_______) energy-harvesting reactions. Glycolysis happens in the _______of cells, not in some specialized organelle.

36. Cellular Respiration: the process which occurs within mitochondria in which cells use oxygen to burn sugar for fuel

37. Glucose Glycolysis Krebs cycle Electron transport Fermentation (without oxygen) Alcohol or lactic acid Respiration Section 9-1 Go to Section: With oxygen With out oxygen

38. In the presence of oxygen: Pyruvate is converted into carbon dioxide and water in the Krebs cycle. After the Krebs cycle, 36 ATP are created in the electron transport chain.

39. Flowchart Section 9-2 Glucose (C 6 H 12 0 6 ) + Oxygen (0 2 ) Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) + Water (H 2 O) Go to Section: Cellular Respiration

40. Without oxygen: Pyruvate is converted into Lactic Acid or Alcohol during Fermentation. Lactic Acid-Muscle cells Alcohol- Yeast

41. Flowchart Section 9-2 Glucose (C 6 H 12 0 6 ) Glycolysis Fermentation Lactic Acid Or Alcohol Go to Section: Anaerobic Cellular Respiration

42. Anaerobic Respiration

43. Glucose Pyruvic acid Lactic acid Lactic Acid Fermentation Section 9-1 Go to Section:

44. Respiration Formula 6_______ + _________ forms _______ and 6________ + 6_________ + 36 ATP