History, Theory, and Research Strategies Chapter 1 (pgs. 3-35) (Infants and Children) (word search answers)1

Domains of Development  PHYSICAL - A domain of development that displays changes in body size, proportions, appearance, functioning of body systems, and motor capacities  COGNITIVE - A domain of development that displays changes in intellectual abilities  EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL- A domain of development that displays changes in self- understanding, knowledge about others, interpersonal skills & relationships, moral reasoning & behavior 2

Periods of Development  INFANCY -The period of development from birth to 1 year old  TODDLERHOOD -The period of development from 1 to 2 years old  EARLY CHILDHOOD -The period of development from 2 to 6 years old  MIDDLE CHILDHOOD -The period of development from 6 to 11 years old 3

Early Scientific Study of Development  TABULA RASA -This term means "blank slate" and was John Locke's view of childhood back in the 17th century; he thought children’s characters were shaped entirely by experience  EVOLUTIONARY THEORY -This was Darwin’s ideas of natural selection and survival of the fittest  NORMATIVE APPROACH -This early scientific study of development believed that age-related averages were based on measurements of large numbers of children  MENTAL TESTING MOVEMENT -Binet & Simon were two early developers of intelligence tests that represented this movement 4

Freud’s Three Parts of the Personality  ID -According to Freud, this is the largest portion of the brain, represents the unconscious and is the source of biological needs & desires  EGO -According to Freud, this is the conscious, rational part of the mind and emerges in early infancy  SUPEREGO -According to Freud, this is the conscience and develops from ages 3 to 6, from interactions with caregivers 5

Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages  BIRTH TO ONE YEAR -Erik Erikson's psychosocial stage of basic trust versus mistrust takes place during this age range  ONE TO THREE YEARS -Erik Erikson's psychosocial stage of autonomy versus shame & doubt takes place during this age range  THREE TO SIX YEARS -Erik Erikson's psychosocial stage of initiative versus guilt takes place during this age range 6

Behaviorism & Social Learning  CLASSICAL CONDITIONING -This results in a Stimulus-Response type of learning (i.e. Pavlov's dog experiment)  OPERANT CONDITIONING -This type of conditioning uses reinforcers and punishments  SOCIAL COGNITIVE APPROACH -This approach uses modeling and self-efficacy  IMITATION -An example of this would be…"a baby claps her hands after her mother does so" or "a teenager dresses like her friends" 7

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development  SENSORIMOTOR -This is one of Piaget's stages of cognitive development that occurs between birth and 2 years; the child "thinks" by acting on the world with their eyes, ears, hands, and mouth  PREOPERATIONAL -This is one of Piaget's stages of cognitive development that occurs between 2-7 years ; the child uses symbols to represent their earlier sensorimotor discoveries; there is a development of language & make-believe play; thinking lacks logic of remaining stages  CONCRETE OPERATIONAL -This is one of Piaget's stages of cognitive development that occurs between 7-11 years ; the child's reasoning becomes logical and can organize objects into hierarchies of classes/subclasses; thinking is not yet abstract  FORMAL OPERATIONAL -This is one of Piaget's stages of cognitive development that occurs between 11 years on; the child's thinking is abstract and systematic 8

Recent Theoretical Perspectives  INFORMATION PROCESSING -This recent theoretical perspective views the human mind as a symbol- manipulating system where information is actively coded, transformed, and organized  VYGOTSKY -This recent theoretical perspective focuses on how culture-the values, beliefs, customs, and skills of a social group-is transmitted to the next generation  DYNAMIC SYSTEMS PERSPECTIVE -This recent theoretical perspective regards the child’s mind, body, and physical & social worlds as a dynamic, integrated system; when change takes place, the child reorganizes his behavior so that the system works together again  SENSITIVE PERIOD -This time period is optimal for certain capacities to emerge & in which the individual is especially responsive to environmental influences 9