Introduction to the Human Body

Introduction Anatomy and Physiology show the relationship between structure and function

Introduction Key to learning anatomy is understanding function

Introduction For example: Left side of heart is larger than right. Why is that?

Gross Anatomy Structures large enough that one can see with the unaided eye

Gross Anatomy 1.Surface Anatomy 2.Regional Anatomy 3.Systemic Anatomy 4.Developmental Anatomy

Surface Anatomy Study of superficial markings For example: Elbow- olecrenon process

Regional Anatomy The study of specific areas of the body

Systemic Anatomy Study of specific organ systems 11 systems

Developmental Anatomy The study of how anatomical structures change throughout the course of development

11 Systems 1.Integumentary* 2.Nervous* 3.Skeletal* 4.Endocrine 5.Muscular* 6.Cardiovascular 7.Lymphatic 8.Urinary 9.Respiratory 10.Reproductive 11.Digestive

Microscopic Anatomy Involves studying anatomical structures that cannot be seen with the unaided eye

Microscopic Anatomy 1.Cytology 2.Histology

Cytology Study of cells

Histology Study of tissue

Physiology-Function 1.Cell Physiology 2.Special Physiology 3.Systemic Physiology 4.Pathological Physiology

Cell Physiology Study of cells

Special Physiology Study of specific organs

Systemic Physiology Study of specific systems

Pathological Physiology Study of how disease effects organs or organ systems

Anatomical Organization We will start from the smallest and finish with the largest

1. Chemical or Molecular Level Atoms form molecules

2. Cellular Level Smallest living units in organisms In fact some organisms are made up of a single cell Cells contain organelles Each organelle has a function

3. Tissue level Different groups of cells that perform a function

4. Organ Level Different types of tissues that perform a function

5. Organ System Level Consists of different organs working together

Organism Level All systems working together (humans)

Homeostasis Stability

Homeostasis Our body has developed ways that make sure that our body adjusts to changing conditions

Homeostasis Our body does this via two methods

1. Autoregulation This occurs when our body adjusts itself to a changing environmental condition

1. Autoregulation Example: High altitudes have less O2 Blood produces more hemoglobin

2. Extrinsic Regulation This is when the nervous and endocrine system acts on other systems

Negative Feedback The effector decreases the change the receptor noted

Positive Feedback The effector increases the change the receptor noted

Anatomical Position Supine Prone

Abdominopelvic quadrants 4 Intersect at the navel

Abdominopelvic quadrants 1.RUQ Right upper quadrant 2.LUQ Left upper quadrant 3.RLQ Right lower quadrant 4.LLQ Left lower quadrant

Abdominopelvic Region More specific 9

Abdominopelvic Region 1.Right hypochondriac 2.Left hypochondriac 3.Right lumbar 4.Left lumbar 5.Right inguinal 6.Left inguinal 7.Epigastric 8.Umbilical 9.Hypogastric (pubic)

Terms Anterior or Ventral

Terms Posterior or dorsal

Terms Cranial - head

Terms Caudal - tail

Terms Superior – higher level

Terms Inferior – lower level

Terms Proximal – away from fingers and toes

Terms Distal – toward fingers and toes

Terms Medial

Terms Lateral

Planes Sometimes to gain a greater understanding of 3D images anatomists cut the image at different planes

Frontal Plane Anterior/Posterior

Sagittal Plane Left/Right

Tranverse Plane Superior/Inferior

Cavities Organs are contained in cavities

Dorsal Body Cavity 1.Cranial Cavity 2.Spinal Cavity

Ventral Body Cavity A. Thoracic Cavity Pleura Cavity Pericardial Cavity B.Abdominopelvic (peritoneal) Cavity 1.Abdominal cavity 2.Pelvic cavity

Ventral Body Cavity Diaphragm separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

Membranes Visceral pericardium Parietal pericardium Visceral pleural Parietal pleural Parietal peritoneum Visceral peritoneum