1. Human Anatomy Introduction

2. What is Anatomy? Study of the STRUCTURE of the Human Body
Closely related to PHYSIOLOGY!
Physiology is the study of the FUNCTION of the human body

3. Divisions of Anatomy Gross Anatomy
Structures that can be seen with the eye
Muscles, bones, various organs
Microscopic Anatomy
Structures that cannot be seen with the eye
Need to use a microscope
Cytology = study of cells
Histology = study of tissues

4. What are you made of ?

5. Ways to Study Anatomy
Regional Anatomy – study one region of the body at a time and learn everything about the region
Systemic Anatomy – study one body system at a time. This is the approach we will use in this course

6. Anatomical Organization
Atoms
Molecules
Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems
Organism

8. Organ Systems 1. Integument 2. Skeletal 3. Muscular 4. Nervous
5. Endocrine
6. Cardiovascular
7. Lymphatic
8. Respiratory
9. Digestive
10. Urinary
11. Reproductive

9. Systems of the Human Body
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Systems of the Human Body

10. Systems of the Human Body
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Systems of the Human Body

11. Systems of the Human Body
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Systems of the Human Body

12. Systems of the Human Body
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Systems of the Human Body

13. Systems of the Human Body
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Systems of the Human Body

14. Systems of the Human Body
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Systems of the Human Body

15. Systems of the Human Body
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Systems of the Human Body

19. Four-footed body directions

20. Planes and Sections
Sagittal section – divides the body into right and left sides
Mid-sagittal section = straight down the center of the body
Frontal section – divides the body into front and back sides
Transverse (cross) section – cut straight across the body

21. Planes and Sections

22. Body Cavities

23. Body Cavities

25. Body Quadrants Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

27. Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions
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Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions
Nine divisions called regions, resembling a tic-tac-toe grid, are used primarily by anatomists
Right hypochondriac region
Epigastric region
Left hypochondriac region
Right lumbar region
Umbilical region
Left lumber region
Right Iliac (inguinal) region
Hypogastric region
Left iliac (inguinal) region

28. Nine Abdominopelvic Regions
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Nine Abdominopelvic Regions

29. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in the environment
a dynamic state of equilibrium, always readjusting as needed
Homeostasis is maintained by regulatory processes of all organ systems

30. Homeostasis & Body Fluids
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Homeostasis & Body Fluids
The survival of our body cells is dependent on the precise regulation of the chemical composition of their surrounding fluid
This fluid is known as extracellular fluid

31. Homeostasis Interactions Animation:
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Homeostasis
Interactions Animation:
Communication, Regulation, and Homeostasis
You must be connected to the Internet and in Slideshow Mode to run this animation.

32. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Homeostatic Controls
Body must constantly be monitored and regulated to maintain homeostasis
Nervous and endocrine systems play a major role in maintaining homeostasis
Variables are factors that can change (blood sugar, body temperature, blood volume, etc.)
Homeostatic control of variables involves three components: receptors, control center, and effector.

33. Control of Homeostasis
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Control of Homeostasis
Receptor (sensor)
Monitors environment
Responds to stimuli (things that cause changes in controlled variables)
Control center
Determines set point at which variable is maintained
Receives input from receptor
Determines appropriate response
Effector
Receives output from control center
Provides the means to respond
Response either reduces stimulus (negative feedback) or enhances stimulus (positive feedback)

34. Control of Homeostasis: Negative Feedback
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Control of Homeostasis: Negative Feedback
Negative feedback
Most-used feedback mechanism in body
Response reduces or shuts off original stimulus
Variable changes in opposite direction of initial change
Examples
Regulation of body temperature (a nervous system mechanism)
Regulation of blood glucose by insulin (an endocrine system mechanism)

35. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Interactions Among Elements of A Homeostatic Control System Maintain Stable Internal Conditions

36. Body Temperature – Negative Feedback Mechanism
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Body Temperature – Negative Feedback Mechanism

37. Control of Homeostasis: Positive Feedback
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Control of Homeostasis: Positive Feedback
Positive feedback
Response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus
May exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect as feedback causes variable to continue in same direction as initial change
Usually controls infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustment, for example:
Enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin
Platelet plug formation and blood clotting

38. Platelet Plug Formation – Positive Feedback Mechanism
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Platelet Plug Formation – Positive Feedback Mechanism

39. Homeostatic Imbalances
Disturbance of homeostasis
Increased risk of disease
Contributes to changes associated with aging
Control systems become less efficient
If negative feedback mechanisms become overwhelmed, destructive positive feedback mechanisms may take over
Heart failure
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.