Performance media INSTRUMENTS = mechanism other than a voice that produces musical sounds. (single note or multi) CLASSES OF INSTRUMENTS 1 WOODWIND 2 BRASS 3PERCUSSION 4 STRING 5 KEYBOARD 6 ELECTRONIC

Advantages/ differences to voices wider range, faster, more tone color options, larger dynamic range, sometimes easier to produce tones than singing, can be organized into multiple different groups to produce varying types of sound combinations. Different class of types sometimes have Soprano, Alto Tenor Bass ( Baritone or Contra ) subclasses determined by pitch

WOODWINDS traditional made out of wood produce sound with air columns that have holes that are covered or uncovered to change length of air column. produces only one note at a time.

Flute family (flute, piccolo, recorder-NO reed) Clarinet Family (clarinet & saxophone –single reed) Saxophones- Soprano, Alto, Tenor, Bari Oboe Family (oboe, English horn -double reed) Bassoon Family (bassoon, contrabassoon – double reed)

BRASS Four Main instruments are Trumpet Trombone French Horn Tuba

blowing into cup of funnel shaped mouth piece, vibrations come from players lips not a reed. tone is then colored in the flared end called the BELL. pitch is controlled by varying lip tension and by values and slides to change the length of the tube (sometimes hand on a French horn). tone color can be altered by using a mute (made of wood, plastic, or metal) on or in the bell single note instruments

PERCUSSION (definite pitch or indefinite pitch) Rhythm based instruments major importance time – as not many whole notes or long notes can be played Play by striking plates or bars of metal, wood, or skins

Definite pitch PITCH high TONE COLOR medium DYNAMICS medium Timpani (kettledrums) glockenspiel (similar to Xylophone) Celeste chimes

Indefinite Pitch PITCH low TONE COLOR high DYNAMICS high Snare Drum Bass Drum Cymbals Tom Toms Tambourine Triangle Gong

DRUM SET basic jazz/rock/pop/R&B set includes bass drum snare drum tom toms floor toms crash cymbals ride cymbals hi-hat cymbals

STRINGS ( frets vs. fretless) orchestra strings : Violin (Soprano) Viola (Alto) Cello (Tenor) Double Bass (bass)

bowed (horsehair) or Plucked with fingers MOST Expressive usually used to play lead melodies / Violin family blends well Construction : strings made of gut or wire under tension from tailpiece over bridge that transmits sound vibrations to large body for amplifying sound fingerboard no frets shorten string to get higher tension = higher pitch (STOPPING)

String Playing techniques PIZZICATO DOUBLE STOP VIBRATO MUTE TREMOLO HARMONICS techniques can be used on almost all string instruments

Other Strings HARP (only orchestral string instrument besides violin family) GUITAR played with fingers or pick (plectrum - types electric bass/ classical/ acoustic/ electric guitar) Chapman Stick (combo of electric guitar and bass – played by tapping)

KEYBOARDS (acoustic) PIANO HARPSICHORD ORGAN ACCORDIONS

KEYBOARDS PIANO = strings in an iron frame hit with hammers (most widely used today) 1 keyboard 88 keys has large dynamic range with use of pedals HARPSICHORD = has strings plucked by plectra (type of picks) precursor to piano was eventually replaced by piano. Has 1 or 2 keyboards no real dynamic range

KEYBOARDS ORGAN = keys control air blown through pipes./ Different pipe sets change tone color / more pipes change dynamics / multiple keyboards / still widely used today / ACCORDIONS = has steel reeds controlled by piano keyboard and bass keyboard buttons. Air flows by squeezing bellows.

ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTS ANALOG TAPE STUDIO SYNTHESIZERS (KEYBOARDS) COMPUTERS

ANALOG TAPE STUDIO recorded sound was manipulated by slowing and speeding tape cutting or splicing tape length of looped tape could be timed to give rhythmic feel

SYNTHESIZERS – Keyboard controlled recreates sounds by ANALOG Synthesis (Combining analog sound waves to create sound) DIGITAL Synthesis ( combines sound waves as digital information) EFFECTS Devices ( reverb, echo, delay, ect…) SAMPLING (placing of records of live sounds that can be manipulated)

COMPUTERS with use of MIDI (code that allows digital instruments and computers to talk to one another) computers can now not only record music but be part of the creation process. with programs you can control sound, change sound, fix sound. (GOOD vs. BAD) I.E. fixing singers pitch, rhythm, same with any instrument but can create sounds and rhythms that are physically impossible to do live.

HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT 1 FINDING LOCAL STL MUSICIANS & VENUES